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. 2022 May 10;23(10):5333. doi: 10.3390/ijms23105333

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Differences between females and males in stress-related transcript levels and effects of early life stress. (A) Females had significantly higher Fkbp4 mRNA levels in the substantia nigra and dorsal striatum than males; (B) female control rats had higher Fkbp5 mRNA levels in the substantia nigra than male control rats. They also had higher Fkbp5 mRNA levels than maternally separated female rats; (C) maternally separated male rats had lower Nr3c1 (GR) mRNA levels in the VTA than male control rats; (D) maternally separated male rats had lower Bag1 mRNA levels in the VTA than male control rats. Each data point represents a single animal. Filled squares and hollow diamonds represent female and male animals, respectively. Horizontal lines depict group means. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.0005.