Table 5.
The association between cyberbullying and suicidal behaviour among secondary school adolescents in Peninsular Malaysia adjusted for other confounders analysed by simple and multiple logistic regression.
| Variables | Suicidal Behaviour, n = 221 | No Suicidal Behaviour, n = 1069 | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value b | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-Value c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Cyberbullying victimization | ||||||
| No | 137 (62.0) | 976 (91.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 84 (38.0) | 93 (8.7) | 6.44 (4.56, 9.09) | <0.001 | 2.35 (1.50, 3.69) | <0.001 |
| Cyberbullying perpetrator | ||||||
| No | 205 (92.8) | 1036 (96.9) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 16 (7.2) | 33 (3.1) | 2.45 (1.32, 4.54) | 0.004 | ||
| Frequency of cyberbullying victimization | ||||||
| ≤2 (Less frequent) | 61 (27.6) | 697 (65.2) | 1 | |||
| >2 (More frequent) | 160 (72.4) | 372 (34.8) | 4.92 (3.57, 6.77) | <0.001 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 25 (11.3) | 360 (33.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 196 (88.7) | 709 (66.3) | 3.98 (2.58, 6.15) | <0.001 | 3.64 (2.11, 6.25) | <0.001 |
| Age a | 14.3 (1.21) | 14.5 (1.27) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.011 | 0.81 (0.69, 0.94) | 0.005 |
| School locality | ||||||
| Rural | 102 (46.2) | 577 (54.0) | 1 | |||
| Urban | 119 (53.8) | 492 (46.0) | 1.37 (1.02, 1.83) | 0.034 | ||
| Type of school | ||||||
| National Secondary School (Daily) | 56 (25.3) | 280 (26.2) | 1 | 0.176 | ||
| Religions Secondary Schools (SMKA) and Government Aid Religious School (SABK) | 47 (21.3) | 284 (26.6) | 0.83 (0.54, 1.26) | 0.378 | ||
| Full Boarding School (SBP) | 118 (53.4) | 505 (47.2) | 1.17 (0.82, 1.66) | 0.384 | ||
| Parental marital status | ||||||
| Stable parental marital status (Married and living together) | 192 (86.9) | 944 (88.3) | 1 | |||
| Unstable parental marital status (Married but not living together (Working elsewhere)/Divorced/Widow (Father or mother who has passed away)/Separated (Parents not living together)/Do not know) | 29 (13.1) | 125 (11.7) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.76) | 0.551 | ||
| Household income | ||||||
| Stable (RM 4850—RM 10,959 [M40]/More than RM 10,959 [T20]) | 108 (48.9) | 509 (47.6) | 1 | |||
| Poor (Less than RM 4850 [B40]) | 113 (51.1) | 560 (52.4) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.27) | 0.734 | ||
| Perceived social support from family members | ||||||
| Yes | 151 (68.3) | 1004 (93.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 70 (31.7) | 65 (6.1) | 7.16 (4.90, 10.46) | <0.001 | 2.49 (1.52, 4.09) | <0.001 |
| Perceived social support from friends | ||||||
| Yes | 166 (75.1) | 984 (92.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 55 (24.9) | 85 (8.0) | 3.84 (2.63, 5.59) | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.21, 3.19) | 0.006 |
| Having social media account | ||||||
| No | 12 (5.4) | 93 (8.7) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 209 (94.6) | 976 (91.3) | 1.66 (0.89, 3.08) | 0.109 | ||
| History of abuse (physical/mental/sexual) | ||||||
| No | 132 (59.7) | 956 (89.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 89 (40.3) | 113 (10.6) | 5.70 (4.09, 7.95) | <0.001 | 2.28 (1.47, 3.54) | <0.001 |
| Perceived having academic pressure | ||||||
| No | 45 (20.4) | 283 (26.5) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 176 (79.6) | 786 (73.5) | 1.41 (0.99, 2.01) | 0.058 | ||
| Parents engage in fighting in front of children | ||||||
| No | 159 (71.9) | 974 (91.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 62 (28.1) | 95 (8.9) | 4.00 (2.79, 5.74) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.38, 3.49) | 0.001 |
| Depression status | ||||||
| No | 40 (18.1) | 828 (77.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 181 (81.9) | 241 (22.5) | 15.55 (10.73,22.54) | <0.001 | 7.54 (5.04, 11.28) | <0.001 |
a Age presented in mean and standard deviation. b Simple Logistic Regression. c Multiple Logistic Regression. Stepwise Forward, Backward LR and manual selection method were applied. There is no multicollinearity and interaction. Classification table classified correctly 86.7%. Area Under ROC curve was 88.8%. Note: due to rounding, percentages do not always add up to 100.