Table 2.
Risk-of-bias assessment.
| Author and Year | Bias Due to Confounding | Bias in Selection of Participants into the Study | Bias in Classification of Interventions | Bias Due to Deviations from Intended Interventions | Bias Due to Missing Data | Bias in Measurement of Outcomes | Bias in Selection of the Reported Result | Overall Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al. [21] April 2020 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Hunter et al. [30] April 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Treibel et al. [3] May 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Wee et al. [22] May 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Garzaro et al. [23] May 2020 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Rivett et al. [31] May 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Khalil et al. [32] May 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Flynn et al. [33] May 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Buchtele et al. [18] May 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Ho et al. [50] May 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Yombi et al. [34] May 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Blain et al. [35] June 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Wang et al. [24] July 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Villanueva et al. [36] July 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Mehta et al. [17] July 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Kacmaz et al. [37] August 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
| Tong et al. [38] August 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
| Racine-Brzostek et al. [39] September 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Del Castillo et al. [40] September 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Ho et al. [51] September 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Chong et al. [11] October 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Chen et al. [6] November 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Domeracki et al. [41] November 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Buising et al. [42] November 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Coppeta et al. [25] December 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Mullins et al. [43] January 2021 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Cheng et al. [26] March 2021 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Monsalud et al. [53] March 2021 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Wan et al. [52] March 2021 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Fernandes et al. [44] April 2021 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Kolwijck et al. [45] April 2021 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Lamb et al. [46] July 2021 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Azami et al. [47] July 2021 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Wee et al. [48] August 2021 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Diel et al. [27] October 201 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Hong et al. [28] October 2021 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Cordioli et al. [29] February 2022 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Tende et al. [49] March 2022 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |