Table 2.

Main positive and negative effects of lactose on human health.

HEALTH-RELATED EFFECTS
Positive Effects	References	Negative Effects		References
4 Kcal	[5]	Gastrointestinal symptoms	Abdominal distention	[3,41]
Calcium absorption	[6,7]		Constipation	[3,41]
Health of bones	[6,7]		Diarrhea	[3,41]
Low glycemic index	[5]		Nausea	[3]
Low cariogenicity	[5]		Meteorism	[41]
			Flatulence	[41]
		Extraintestinal symptoms	Skin rashes	[3]
			Headache	[3]
			Increased urination	[3]
			Joint and/or muscle pain	[3]
			Heart palpitations	[3]
			Mouth ulcers	[3]