Table 1.
Baseline features and characteristics of patients with paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
| Variable | Paroxysmal (769) |
Non–Paroxysmal (1380) |
p-Value | Total (2160) * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke and systemic embolization | 119 (15.5%) | 261 (18.9%) | 0.045 | 380 (17.7%) |
| Male | 366 (47.6%) | 624 (45.2%) | 0.288 | 989 (46.1%) |
| Female | 403 (52.4%) | 756 (54.8%) | 0.288 | 1158 (53.9%) |
| Age | 63.7 (14.7) | 70.2 (11.2) | <0.001 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m²) | 0.084 | |||
| Normal (<25) | 151 (21.0%) | 303 (24.4%) | 454 (23.2%) | |
| Abnormal (≥25) | 568 (79.0%) | 938 (75.6%) | 1506 (76.8%) | |
| Hypertension | 546 (71.0%) | 1058 (76.7%) | 0.004 | 1604 (74.6%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 301 (39.1%) | 645 (46.7%) | 0.001 | 946 (44.0%) |
| Current smoker | 131 (17.1%) | 158 (11.4%) | <0.001 | 289 (13.5%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 349 (45.4%) | 604 (43.8%) | 0.488 | 953 (44.4%) |
| First atrial fibrillation episode | 379 (49.3%) | 227 (16.4%) | <0.001 | 606 (28.2%) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | <0.001 | |||
| Low and intermediate risk (<2 for males or <3 for females) | 250 (32.5%) | 188 (13.6%) | 438 (20.4%) | |
| High risk (≥2 for males or ≥3 for females) | 519 (67.5%) | 1190 (86.4%) | 1709 (79.6%) | |
| HAS-BLED score | <0.001 | |||
| Low and moderate risk (<3) | 663 (86.2%) | 1060 (76.8%) | 1723 (80.2%) | |
| High risk (≥3) | 106 (13.8%) | 320 (23.2%) | 426 (19.8%) | |
| Outpatient or inpatient | 0.368 | |||
| Outpatient | 533 (69.3%) | 982 (71.2%) | 1515 (70.5%) | |
| Inpatient | 236 (30.7%) | 398 (28.8%) | 634 (29.5%) | |
| Left ventricle hypertrophy | 0.017 | |||
| Present | 247 (36.0%) | 521 (41.5%) | 768 (39.6%) | |
| Absent | 439 (64.0%) | 733 (58.5%) | 1172 (60.4%) | |
| Left ventricle ejection fraction | <0.001 | |||
| Normal (≥50) | 618 (86.2%) | 905 (68.9%) | 1523 (75.0%) | |
| Mild-Moderate reduction (30–50) | 85 (11.9%) | 316 (24.1%) | 401 (19.8%) | |
| Severe reduction (<30) | 14 (2.0%) | 92 (7.0%) | 106 (5.2%) | |
| Left atrial size (centimetre) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.5 (0.7) | <0.001 | |
| Valvular vs. non-valvular atrial fibrillation | <0.001 | |||
| Valvular | 37 (4.8%) | 146 (10.6%) | 183 (8.5%) | |
| Non-valvular | 732 (95.2%) | 1234 (89.4%) | 1966 (91.5%) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Asymptomatic | 196 (25.5%) | 488 (35.4%) | <0.001 | 684 (31.8%) |
| Palpitations | 426 (55.4%) | 507 (36.7%) | <0.001 | 933 (43.4%) |
| Fatigue | 156 (20.3%) | 323 (23.4%) | 0.096 | 479 (22.3%) |
| Dizziness | 96 (12.5%) | 160 (11.6%) | 0.542 | 256 (11.9%) |
| Shortness of breath | 236 (30.7%) | 495 (35.9%) | 0.015 | 731 (34.0%) |
| Syncope | 22 (2.9%) | 26 (1.9%) | 0.142 | 48 (2.2%) |
| Chest pain | 18 (2.3%) | 17 (1.2%) | 0.052 | 35 (1.6%) |
| Comorbid diseases | ||||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 133 (17.3%) | 420 (30.6%) | <0.001 | 553 (25.9%) |
| Sleep apnea | 33 (4.3%) | 59 (4.3%) | 0.986 | 92 (4.3%) |
| Lung disease (COPD or lung fibrosis) | 29 (3.8%) | 66 (4.8%) | 0.274 | 95 (4.4%) |
| Thyroid disease | 82 (10.7%) | 148 (10.7%) | 0.965 | 230 (10.7%) |
| CKD | 56 (7.3%) | 141 (10.2%) | 0.024 | 197 (9.2%) |
| Active cancer | 39 (5.1%) | 78 (5.7%) | 0.570 | 117 (5.4%) |
| Heart failure | 91 (11.8%) | 429 (31.1%) | <0.001 | 520 (24.2%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 84 (10.9%) | 151 (10.9%) | 0.989 | 235 (10.9%) |
CKD, Chronic kidney disease; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. * The type of AF was unknown in 11 patients (0.5%).