Table 3.

Introduction clinic before and after.

	Students’ Introductory Statement before the Clinic	Students’ Introductory Statement after the Clinic	Focus of the Clinic
Animal testing should be prohibited (Agree)	It can prevent infringement of animal rights.	-It can protect the rights of animals. -Prohibiting animal testing can prevent numerous side effects caused by animal testing. -Even if animal testing is prohibited, there are plenty of ways to replace animal testing.	(1)Rather than first revealing and emphasizing the problem, change your perspective toward claiming the expected effect. If the expected effect is first mentioned in the first sentence (assertion), and a problem is presented as a basis, it can be a more convincing argument. (2)Differentiate arguments in terms of various categories. Balanced arguments can be presented, and through this, questions and answers can be approached in various ways to improve logic.
	Prohibiting animal testing can prevent numerous side effects caused by animal testing.
	Even if animal testing is prohibited, alternatives to animal testing can be used thanks to the development of current technology.
Animal testing should be prohibited (Disagree)	Animal testing can save other lives, including human lives.	-If animal testing is prohibited, it could disrupt the driving force behind the development of new drugs and vaccines. -If animal testing is prohibited, it becomes unclear how to prove the stability of new drugs.	(1)Prepare the argument centered on harm. If you write an argument in the first sentence of the body paragraph and present a problem as a basis, it can be a more convincing argument. (2)Differentiate arguments in terms of various categories. Balanced arguments can be presented, and through this, questions and answers can be approached in various ways to improve logic.
	Humans and animals are biologically similar.
	Animal testing is the most effective method.
The Paris Climate Change Convention is effective. (Agree)	The Paris Climate Change Convention promised investment in renewable technology to improve environmental problems.	-The Paris Climate Change Convention is effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. -The Paris Climate Change Convention embodies its goals through direct and specific interventions. -The Paris Climate Change Convention is an international mechanism for responding to environmental disasters.	(1)Rather than first revealing and emphasizing the problem, change your perspective toward claiming the expected effect. If the expected effect is mentioned first in the topic sentence (assertion), and a problem is presented as a basis, it can be a more convincing argument. (2)Differentiate arguments in terms of various categories. Present balanced arguments, and through this, questions and answers can be approached in various ways to improve logic.
	The Paris Climate Change Convention works.
	The Paris Climate Change Convention aims at a discriminatory principle of responsibility.
The Paris Climate Change Convention is effective. (Disagree)	The Paris Climate Change Convention is an ineffective agreement.	-The effect of suppressing greenhouse gas emissions is insignificant, and there is a risk of economic loss. -The power play within the agreement can be induced, and political discrepancy and tension can occur in that the internal situation varies from country to country. -It confirms contradictions in environmental ethics.	(1)Prepare the argument by centering on harm. If you write the topic sentence of the argument paragraph and present a problem as a basis, it can be a more convincing argument. (2)Differentiate arguments in terms of various categories. Present balanced arguments, and through this, questions and answers can be approached in various ways to improve logic.
	The Paris Climate Change Convention might be politically harmful.
	You can see the contradictions in the ethical aspects across different countries from the Paris Climate Change Convention.