Table 4.
Unit root tests.
| Variable 1 | Levin, Lin & Chu | Lm, Pesaran and Shin W-Stat | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stat. | Prob | Stat | Prob | |
| MM | −0.4234 | 0.3112 | −0.3384 | 0.3675 |
| 1st diff | −4.9406 | 0.0011 | −5.6043 | 0.0000 |
| LE | −0.6051 | 0.5257 | 0.14047 | 0.5559 |
| 1st diff | −3.6663 | 0.0001 | −4.5141 | 0.0120 |
| ICT | −3.8939 | 0.0000 | −4.2341 | 0.0000 |
| HIV | −0.7355 | 0.2310 | −3.5033 | 0.0212 |
| 1st diff | −2.0847 | 0.0185 | - | - |
| GDP | −0.5892 | 0.8501 | 1.2605 | 0.8963 |
| 1st diff | −3.6408 | 0.0162 | −4.1661 | 0.0000 |
| FR | −1.9429 | 0.0260 | −2.3435 | 0.0096 |
1 Fertility rate (FR), economic growth (GDP), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), information communication technology (ICT), life expectancy (LE) and maternal mortality (MM).