Table 2.
Mean and SD of psychological variables in participant characteristics (N = 3299).
| Variables | n | Perceived Stress | Fear of COVID-19 | Neuroticism | Perceived Social Support | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
| <21 | 644 (19.6) | 19.10 ± 5.64 | <0.001 | 21.33 ± 6.82 | 0.017 | 39.47 ± 8.57 | <0.001 | 58.66 ± 13.41 | 0.074 |
| 21–30 | 1574 (47.7) | 18.31 ± 5.61 | 20.44 ± 6.95 | 37.84 ± 9.30 | 59.50 ± 13.44 | ||||
| 31–40 | 640 (19.4) | 16.61 ± 5.25 | 21.32 ± 7.22 | 32.89 ± 9.27 | 57.79 ± 13.95 | ||||
| 41–50 | 288 (8.7) | 15.27 ± 5.70 | 21.12 ± 7.61 | 32.02 ± 9.09 | 59.37 ± 13.22 | ||||
| 51–60 | 153 (4.6) | 12.77 ± 5.40 | 20.41 ± 7.58 | 28.86 ± 7.68 | 59.86 ± 12.30 | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 1025 (31.1) | 15.84 ± 5.55 | <0.001 | 19.44 ± 7.12 | <0.001 | 33.27 ± 9.28 | <0.001 | 58.36 ± 13.17 | 0.066 |
| Female | 2274 (68.9) | 18.41 ± 5.68 | 21.47 ± 6.96 | 37.63 ± 9.39 | 59.30 ± 13.60 | ||||
| Education level | |||||||||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1670 (50.6) | 18.27 ± 5.66 | 21.27 ± 6.79 | 37.43 ± 9.50 | 58.20 ± 13.49 | ||||
| Below bachelor’s degree | 1629 (49.4) | 16.94 ± 5.78 | <0.001 | 20.40 ± 7.33 | <0.001 | 35.09 ± 9.50 | <0.001 | 59.84 ± 13.42 | <0.001 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Single | 2715 (82.3) | 17.99 ± 5.72 | <0.001 | 20.56 ± 6.98 | <0.001 | 37.19 ± 9.40 | <0.001 | 59.03 ± 13.32 | 0.856 |
| Non-single | 584 (17.7) | 15.88 ± 5.64 | 22.16 ± 7.37 | 32.02 ± 9.19 | 58.92 ± 14.19 | ||||
| Religion | |||||||||
| Buddhist | 2864 (86.8) | 17.35 ± 5.69 | <0.001 | 21.05 ± 6.97 | <0.001 | 35.83 ± 9.48 | <0.001 | 59.66 ± 13.13 | <0.001 |
| Non-Buddhist | 435 (13.2) | 19.38 ± 5.89 | 19.49 ± 7.62 | 39.18 ± 9.64 | 54.73 ± 14.89 | ||||
| Occupation | |||||||||
| College student | 1313 (39.8) | 18.40 ± 5.73 | <0.001 | 20.55 ± 6.70 | 0.054 | 38.51 ± 8.89 | <0.001 | 59.60 ± 12.96 | 0.040 |
| Other occupations | 1986 (60.2) | 17.09 ± 5.72 | 21.03 ± 7.31 | 34.79 ± 9.72 | 58.62 ± 13.80 | ||||
| Region of residence | |||||||||
| Non-capital city and its vicinity | 2146 (65.0) | 17.37 ± 5.41 | 0.001 | 21.44 ± 7.09 | <0.001 | 35.57 ± 9.43 | <0.001 | 59.21 ± 13.25 | 0.238 |
| Capital city and its vicinity | 1153 (35.0) | 18.07 ± 6.33 | 19.72 ± 6.91 | 37.57 ± 9.71 | 58.63 ± 13.88 | ||||
| Residence | |||||||||
| Not residing with family | 700 (21.2) | 17.68 ± 5.96 | 0.736 | 20.12 ± 7.29 | 0.002 | 36.52 ± 9.43 | 0.447 | 58.13 ± 13.34 | 0.052 |
| Residing with family | 2599 (78.8) | 17.60 ± 5.70 | 21.04 ± 7.00 | 36.21 ± 9.61 | 59.24 ± 13.51 | ||||
| Income (THB) | |||||||||
| ≤10,000 | 1593 (48.3) | 18.53 ± 5.67 | <0.001 | 21.34 ± 6.85 | <0.001 | 38.30 ± 9.28 | <0.001 | 58.67 ± 13.42 | 0.162 |
| >10,000 | 1706 (51.7) | 16.76 ± 5.71 | 20.37 ± 7.25 | 34.37 ± 9.45 | 59.33 ± 13.52 | ||||
| Health insurance | |||||||||
| Non-Universal Coverage Scheme | 2217 (67.2) | 17.36 ± 5.79 | <0.001 | 20.73 ± 7.19 | 0.206 | 35.83 ± 9.61 | <0.001 | 59.49 ± 13.56 | 0.003 |
| Universal Coverage Scheme | 1082 (32.8) | 18.14 ± 5.67 | 21.06 ± 6.83 | 37.17 ± 9.43 | 58.02 ± 13.25 | ||||
| History of chronic noncommunicable disease | |||||||||
| No | 2847 (86.3) | 17.54 ± 5.69 | 0.056 | 20.72 ± 7.07 | 0.013 | 36.21 ± 9.44 | 0.337 | 59.50 ± 13.35 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 452 (13.7) | 18.10 ± 6.15 | 21.61 ± 7.04 | 36.67 ± 10.38 | 55.90 ± 13.88 | ||||
| Work from home | |||||||||
| No | 733 (22.2) | 17.37 ± 5.37 | 0.199 | 21.26 ± 7.26 | 0.067 | 34.93 ± 9.38 | <0.001 | 56.26 ± 13.29 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2566 (78.8) | 17.68 ± 5.87 | 20.72 ± 7.02 | 36.65 ± 9.59 | 59.79 ± 13.43 | ||||
| Quarantine status | |||||||||
| Never | 1440 (43.6) | 16.61 ± 5.78 | <0.001 | 20.34 ± 7.50 | 0.002 | 34.76 ± 9.65 | <0.001 | 59.19 ± 13.47 | 0.720 |
| Was quarantined | 1329 (40.3) | 18.18 ± 5.37 | 21.28 ± 6.53 | 36.74 ± 9.27 | 58.96 ± 13.01 | ||||
| During quarantine | 530 (16.1) | 18.91 ± 6.19 | 21.09 ± 7.11 | 39.20 ± 9.29 | 58.65 ± 14.60 | ||||
Non-single: married/domestic partnership. Single: single/divorced/widowed/separated. Non-Buddhist: Non-religious/Christian/Muslim/other. Non-Universal Coverage Scheme: state enterprises/social security scheme/self-payment/other. Other occupations: unemployed/retired/farmer/laborer/self-employed/private enterprise/government/state enterprise employee/freelance/other. Not residing with family: residing with others/residing alone. Note: age and quarantine status were subjected to one-way ANOVA. Sex, education level, religion, marital status, occupation status, residence, income, health insurance, history of chronic noncommunicable disease, region of residence and work from home were assessed using t-tests.