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. 2022 May 10;23(10):5335. doi: 10.3390/ijms23105335

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© 2022 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antiviral characterization of non-woven fabrics coated with two types of commercial cranberry extracts against the bacteriophage phi 6 for biosafety reasons: (A) The double-layer method was used to determine the viral viability after 1 min of viral contact (titration images of undiluted samples). These images show the reduction in infection capacity (reduction in white spots). (B) Reduction in infection titers of the bacteriophage phi 6 in a logarithm of plaque-forming units per mL (log(PFU/mL)) measured by the double-layer method at 1 min of viral contact. Statistical analysis: *** p > 0.001; ** p > 0.01; ns: not significant. (C) High-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy (HR-FESEM) of the non-woven fabrics, at two different magnifications (×100 and ×1000), before (a,b) and after the treatment with the VITAFAIR cranberry extract (E10V) (c,d) or the NUTRIBIOLITE cranberry extract (E10N) (e,f). CONTROL: bacteriophages without being in contact with any material; Control S: uncoated non-woven fabric [10].