Table 4.
Effects of supplementation with L-citrulline or L-arginine or nitrate-rich beetroot extracts on the calcium, magnesium and vitamin D plasma levels.
| Parameter | Groups | T1 | T2 | ANOVA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ca (mg/dL) | PL | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | S (0.719) T (0.309) SxT (0.246) |
| CM | 9.5 ± 0.2 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | ||
| ARG | 9.6 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.2 | ||
| BEET | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | ||
| Mg (mg/dL) | PL | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | S (0.496) T (0.211) SxT (0.604) |
| CM | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | ||
| ARG | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | ||
| BEET | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | ||
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | PL | 22.6 ± 7.3 | 22.7 ± 6.4 | S (0.0.032) T (0.05) SxT (0.553) |
| CM | 24.7 ± 10.3 | 26.5 ± 9.1 | ||
| ARG | 26.6 ± 6.6 | 32.7 ± 9.5 a,b | ||
| BEET | 26.0 ± 7.4 | 32.5 ± 7.0 a,b |
Groups: Placebo (PL) and supplemented with citrulline malate (CM), arginine (ARG) and beetroot extracts (BEET). Abbreviations: T1, beginning of intervention; T2, end of intervention. S indicates the effect of the supplement (p-value); T indicates the effect of the intervention (p-value); and SxT indicates the interaction of the supplement and intervention effects (p-value) by a two-way ANOVA analysis. a Significant difference (p < 0.05) comparing T1 vs. T2. b Significant difference (p < 0.05) comparing ARG or BEET vs. PL or CM by a one-way ANOVA analysis.