Table 3.
Determinants of PIL.
| No: | Study ID | Determinants |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gerwood (1996) [39] | Depression Spirituality |
| 2 | Gerwood (1998) [40] | Spirituality |
| 3 | Bondevik (2000) [41] | Religiousness Loneliness |
| 4 | Greenfield (2004) [42] | Role identity (volunteering moderate PIL and role identity) |
| 5 | Frazier (2005) [43] | Religious involvements |
| 6 | Nygren (2005) [44] | Resilience, sense of coherence, self-transcendence and perceived mental health |
| 7 | Cicirelli (2006) [45] | Fear of body loss Health |
| 8 | Dixon (2007) [46] | Overall wellness Mattering to others Depression |
| 9 | Triado (2007) [47] * | Personal growth Age Education Income |
| 10 | Moon (2007) [48] | Subjective well being |
| 11 | Ottenbacher (2007) [49] | Self-acceptance Positive Relation Environmental Mastery Personal Growth |
| 13 | Krause (2009) [51] | Self-rated Heath/fewer functional disabilities Mortality |
| 14 | Ferguson (2010) [52] | Optimism Perception of control (mediates relation between optimism and PIL) |
| 16 | Hedberg (2010) [53,54] | Attitude towards aging Having family Musculoskeletal symptoms |
| 17 | Hedberg (2011) [55] | Gender (women) Depression |
| 18 | Lundman (2012) [56] | Resilience, sense of coherence, self-transcendence |
| 20 | Wilson (2013) [58] | Global cognition/cognitive function |
| 21 | Pearson (2013) [59] | Education |
| 22 | Zaslavsky (2014) [26] | Health Disability Mortality |
| 23 | Windsor (2015) [60] | Memory Disability Decline of speed Health Depression Delayed mortality |
| 24 | Tomioka (2016) [61] | Higher mortality Instrumental activities of daily living |
| 25 | Woods (2016) [62] | Higher education Higher family income Marital status (married) Smoking status (non-smokers) Alcohol use (<1 drinks week) |
| 26 | Sano (2016) [63] | Achievement motive (Direct), Social participation Role expectation |
| 28 | Vanhove-Meriaux, (2018) [65] | High satisfaction need Low thwarting need Competence (extend to which people interact with environment) and relatedness need satisfactions (extend of a secure sense of belongingness and connectedness) |
| 29 | Musich (2018) [66] | High resilience High social support Strong alliance with faith High health literacy Good health Financial stress, living alone and >80 y had negative relation with PIL Reduced medical and drug expenditure Utilisation and expenditure Higher QoL Compliance with medication protocols Preventive service utilization |
| 31 | Polenick (2018) [68] | Gender specific fewer Emotional caregiving difficulties (females) Fewer physical care giving difficulties |
| 32 | Kim (2019) [22] | Higher cognition Decline in cognition |
| 33 | Oliveira (2019) [69] | Life satisfaction |
| 35 | Sutin (2020) [71] | Lower risk of concurrent motoric cognitive risk |
| 37 | Vanhove-Meriaux (2020) [73] | Basic psychological need frustration (predictor) Basic psychological need satisfaction |
| 39 | Lopez (2020) [75] | Perceived health, family functioning, resilience, gratitude and acceptance Loss of a loved one |
| 41 | Bundick (2021) [77] | Gender (female) Race/ethnicity Age |
| 42 | Alfonso-Benlliure (2021) [78] | Positive relationship with others Personal growth Environmental mastery Self-acceptance Life satisfaction Divergent thinking |
| 43 | Zhang and Chen (2021) [80] | Intensity of physical activity (predicted) Female gender, married, white/Caucasian, older at baseline, higher levels of education, better self-rated health, and fewer chronic conditions |
* study has high risk of bias.