Table 1.

Categories of additive manufacturing processes, examples of techniques, forms of raw materials, and advantages and disadvantages [34,35,36,37,38,39,40].

Process Category	Examples of Technique	Type of Raw Materials	Form of Raw Materials	Advantages	Disadvantages
Material extrusion	FDM DIW	Polymer	Solid filament Liquid ink	Facile and versatile customization Wide range of materials Low cost	Low resolution Slow fabrication speed Anisotropic properties of printed parts
Material jetting	Inkjet printing	Polymer	Liquid	Multiple build materials with low waste Wide range of materials	Unrecoverable support material Post-processing may damage thinner parts
Vat polymerization	SLA DLP	Polymer	Liquid	Fast speed of printing Good surface finish High fabrication speed Low imaging-specific energy Wide range of materials	Low product mechanical stability Requires support structure and post-curing step
Powder bed fusion	Selective laser sintering (SLS) Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)	Metal	Solid powder	No support structures required Permits recycling of unused raw material Tougher and more stable product High part complexity	Expensive machines Rough surface finish
Binder jetting	Binder jetting (BJ)	Metal Polymer Ceramic	Solid powder Liquid agent	Support structures included in layer fabrication High fabrication speed	Post-processing required Rough or grainy appearance
Sheet lamination	Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM)	Polymer Metal	Solid sheet	High fabrication speed No support structures required Low warping and internal stress	Limited availability of materials Low resolution Noxious fumes caused by thermal cutting
Directed energy deposition	Electron beam melting (EBM)	Metal	Solid wire Powder	High efficiency for repair and add-on features Suitable for large components	Poor dimensional accuracy Limited choice of materials