Table 3.
Comparison and correlations of DASS-21 scores with sociodemographic variables and other factors related to COVID-19 pandemic
| DASS-21 Total | DASS-21 Depression | DASS-21 Anxiety | DASS-21 Stress | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Test statistics | p | Mean ± SD | Test statistics | p | Mean ± SD | Test statistics | p | Mean ± SD | Test statistics | p | |
| Age | r=-0.02 | 0.68 | r=-0.05 | 0.22 | r=0.00 | 0.99 | r=0.01 | 0.81 | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 17.41±12.4 | t=5.500 | <0.001 | 6.22±5.02 | t=4.239 | <0.001 | 4.56±4.11 | t=6.453 | <0.001 | 6.63±4.59 | t=4.170 | <0.001 |
| Male | 12.25±10.29 | 4.58±4.28 | 2.62±3.22 | 5.04±4.16 | ||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Single | 15.9±11.47 | t=0.202 | 0.840 | 6.21±5.03 | t=1.952 | 0.051 | 3.79±3.7 | t=-0.736 | 0.462 | 5.9±4.16 | t=-0.913 | 0.362 |
| Married | 15.69±12.29 | 5.42±4.74 | 4.03±4.08 | 6.24±4.7 | ||||||||
| Profession | ||||||||||||
| Doctor | 15.81±11.68 | F=0.749 | 0.523 | 5.75±4.79 | F=0.562 | 0.640 | 3.76±3.84 | F=1.944 | 0.121 | 6.31±4.49 | F=1.395 | 0.243 |
| Nurse | 15.51±12.8 | 5.68±5.09 | 4.12±4.19 | 5.70±4.59 | ||||||||
| Other medical staff | 13±11.56 | 4.51±4.2 | 3.7±4.15 | 4.78±4 | ||||||||
| Non-medical staff | 17.08±12.88 | 5.83±5.11 | 5±4.06 | 6.25±4.73 | ||||||||
| Work experience (years) | r=-0.01 | 0.83 | r=-0.03 | 0.39 | r=0.01 | 0.73 | r=-0.00 | 0.96 | ||||
| Working with COVID-19 patients | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 16.43±12.26 | t=1.831 | 0.068 | 5.96±4.98 | t=1.787 | 0.074 | 4.11±4.04 | t=1.404 | 0.161 | 6.36±4.66 | t=1.717 | 0.087 |
| No | 14.62±11.49 | 5.24±4.6 | 3.66±3.77 | 5.72±4.23 | ||||||||
| Lifetime psychiatric disorder | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 19.04±11.67 | t=4.250 | <0.001 | 7.15±5.07 | t=4.669 | <0.001 | 4.49±3.77 | t=2.121 | 0.034 | 7.40±4.39 | t=4.425 | <0.001 |
| No | 14.54±11.91 | 5.15±4.66 | 3.74±4 | 5.65±4.47 | ||||||||
| Chronic illness or other risk factors | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 17.37±12.33 | t=1.743 | 0.082 | 6.13±5.03 | t=1.163 | 0.245 | 4.64±4.13 | t=2.309 | 0.021 | 6.60±4.61 | t=1.364 | 0.173 |
| No | 15.33±11.89 | 5.58±4.8 | 3.76±3.88 | 6±4.49 | ||||||||
| Had any COVID-19 symptoms | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 19.09±12.47 | t=4.978 | <0.001 | 6.77±5.16 | t=3.961 | <0.001 | 5.18±4.1 | t=5.644 | <0.001 | 7.14±4.68 | t=4.011 | <0.001 |
| No | 14.13±11.43 | 5.16±4.61 | 3.34±3.73 | 5.63±4.35 | ||||||||
| Had COVID-19 testing | ||||||||||||
| No | 14.73±11.55 | F=8.319 | <0.001* | 5.39±4.68 | F=4.263 | 0.014* | 3.62±3.77 | F=7.823 | <0.001* | 5.72±4.29 | F=9.176 | <0.001* |
| Yes, result is positive | 19.84±12.28 | 6.47±4.89 | 5.63±4.84 | 7.74±4.76 | ||||||||
| Yes, result is negative | 19.26±13.03 | 6.77±5.38 | 4.98±4.28 | 7.50±5.05 | ||||||||
*
Post-hoc pairwise comparison showed that scores for individual with negative test results are higher than individual with no testing.
DASS-21, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; SD, Standard deviation