Table 3.

MCs and Mϕs phenotypes, functions, and biomolecules produced during different stages of early pregnancy. Abbreviations: MC_C—mast cell chymase, MC_TC—mast cell tryptase-chymase [36,63,69,72,73,87,97,99,102,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117].

Time	Phenotype	Function	Production	References
Pre-implantation/human, mouse	M1	ECM digestion, engulf apoptotic cells	MMP-7; MMP-9; Gelatinase	[102,108,111,112]
Pre-implantation	M2	Remodeling	VEGF, IGF, Fn1, MMPs	[102]
Pre-implantation/human, murine	MCs	Remodeling angiogenesis trophoblast growth, syncytium formation	Histamine, chymase, VEGF, Gal-1	[72,87,107,109,110]
Implantation	M1	Favor implantation, vascular remodeling, angiogenesis	TNF-α, VEGF, PDGF, FGF, MMP3, MMP9; IL-1β	[111]
Implantation/human, mouse	MCC	Vascular remodeling, fetal growth, migration and proliferation of extravillous	MMPs, VEGF, FGF, histamine, tryptase, leptin, cytokines	[63,73,97,110,113]
Post-implantation	M2	Maternal–fetal tolerance	IL-10, IL-1β, Il-6, TNF-α; PGE2	[36,69,99,103,112,114,115]
Post-implantation	MCTC	Maternal– fetal tolerance	TGF-β IL-10, LIF	[116]
Early pregnancy	MCTC	Placenta formation	Histamine, Gal-1	[117]