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. 2021 Feb 17;42(5):1557–1568. doi: 10.1007/s10571-021-01046-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Effects of damaged astrocytes on neurite outgrowth and regeneration of spinal cord neurons. a ELISAs detected the expression of factors related to astrocyte function in spinal cord tissue after SCI, including NGF, bFGF, laminin, fibronectin, the inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6, the astrocyte marker protein GFAP and CSPG, the main component of glial scar. b ELISAs detected the changes in cytokines in the astrocyte injury model in vitro. c A neuron and astrocyte coculture system was used to examine the role of damaged astrocytes in neurons, and the results showed that damaged astrocytes hinder neurite outgrowth. d A spinal cord slice and astrocyte coculture system was used to examine the role of damaged astrocytes in neural regeneration, and the results showed that damaged astrocytes impeded neurite regeneration. N = 5; **P < 0.01. Scale bar: 20 or 50 μm