Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort.
| Characteristics | Cohort (n = 1394) |
|---|---|
| Age, yr | 4 (0–11) |
| Age categories, n (%) | |
| Infancy, 1 mo−1 yr | 504 (36.2) |
| Childhood, 2–10 yr | 502 (36.0) |
| Adolescent, 11–18 yr | 388 (27.8) |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 817 (58.6) |
| AKI type, n (%) | |
| Community-acquired AKI | 343 (24.6) |
| Hospital-acquired AKI | 1051 (75.4) |
| AKI stage, n (%) | |
| Stage 1 | 844 (60.5) |
| Stage 2 | 319 (22.9) |
| Stage 3 | 231 (16.6) |
| Clinical settings, n (%) | |
| Sepsis | 181 (13.0) |
| Glomerulonephritis | 57 (4.1) |
| Nephrotic syndrome | 156 (11.2) |
| CKDa | 15 (1.1) |
| Urinary tract obstruction/malformation | 25 (1.8) |
| Non-cardiac surgery | 72 (5.2) |
| Congenital heart disease/cardiac surgery | 451 (32.4) |
| Heart failure | 114 (8.2) |
| Inherited metabolic disease | 24 (1.7) |
| Cardiac arrest | 12 (0.9) |
| Trauma/burn | 27 (1.9) |
| Shock | 61 (4.4) |
| Respiratory failure | 120 (8.6) |
| Diarrhea/dehydration | 56 (4.0) |
| Nephrotoxic drugs | 673 (48.3) |
| Laboratory data | |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 111 (92–126) |
| < 90 | 313 (22.5) |
| White blood cells, × 109/L | 9.4 (5.7–14.6) |
| < 4 | 227 (16.3) |
| > 10 | 649 (46.6) |
| Platelets, × 109/L | 229 (138–345) |
| < 100 | 239 (17.1) |
| Proteinuria, n (%) | 261 (22.7) |
| Serum albumin, g/L | 36.8 (30.3–41.0) |
| < 30 | 332 (23.9) |
| Serum total bilirubin, μmol/L | 9.5 (5.2–18.2) |
| > 34.2 | 156 (11.2) |
| Serum potassium, mmol/L | 4.4 (3.9–4.9) |
| < 3.5 | 144 (10.5) |
| > 5.5 | 89 (6.5) |
| Serum sodium, mmol/L | 138 (136–140) |
| < 135 | 271 (19.9) |
| > 145 | 56 (4.1) |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 736 (52.8) |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 274 (19.7) |
| RRT, n (%) | 105 (7.5) |
AKI acute kidney injury, CKD chronic kidney disease, RRT renal replacement therapy.
Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables are presented as n (%).
Missing data: proteinuria (n = 245, 17.6%), serum albumin (n = 4, 0.3%), serum total bilirubin (n = 7, 0.5%), serum potassium (n = 29, 2.1%) and serum sodium (n = 29, 2.1%).
aAdmission or discharge diagnoses included CKD stage 3–4, identified by ICD-10 codes (N18.803 and N18.804).