Figure 1.

Ex vivo tumor model

Patient biopsies or resections were manually cut and cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and grown in ex vivo tumor ecosystems (Majumder et al., 2015) in the presence of oHSV-1. Tumor tissue slices were then formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE), and serial sections were collected and stained for HSV-1, cleaved caspase-3, or with hemotoxylin and eosin (H&E). Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) was performed to investigate the impact of oHSV-1 on the spatial context and activity of the immune compartment in the glioblastoma TME ex vivo.