Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with TRD and their matched controls at cohort entry in 2014
| Characteristics | Before matching |
After matching |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRD group(N = 1,479) | Non-TRD group(N = 6,744) | SMD | TRD group(N = 1,479) | Non-TRD group(N = 5,856)b | SMD | |
| Age (mean, SD) | 46.6 (17.0) | 49.1 (18.8) | 0.140 | 46.6 (17.0) | 47.1 (17.9) | 0.032 |
| Female (N, %) | 1093 (73.9) | 4789 (71.0) | 0.065 | 1093 (73.9) | 4306 (73.5) | 0.008 |
| History of psychiatric conditions (N, %) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Any psychiatric diseases or suicidal ideation | 218 (14.7) | 1,250 (18.5) | 0.102 | 218 (14.7) | 856 (14.6) | 0.003 |
| Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | 2 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 0.003 | 2 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Autism | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | 0.034 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 0.032 |
| Psychosis | 23 (1.6) | 201 (3.0) | 0.096 | 23 (1.6) | 128 (2.2) | 0.047 |
| Schizophrenia | 7 (0.5) | 69 (1.0) | 0.064 | 7 (0.5) | 46 (0.8) | 0.039 |
| Epilepsy | 11 (0.7) | 71 (1.1) | 0.033 | 11 (0.7) | 45 (0.8) | 0.003 |
| Anxiety disorder | 90 (6.1) | 491 (7.3) | 0.048 | 90 (6.1) | 323 (5.5) | 0.024 |
| Personality disorder | 19 (1.3) | 81 (1.2) | 0.008 | 19 (1.3) | 58 (1.0) | 0.028 |
| Suicidal behaviors (N, %) | 94 (6.4) | 540 (8.0) | 0.064 | 94 (6.4) | 388 (6.6) | 0.011 |
| History of physical disorders (N, %)a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Any physical comorbidities | 288 (19.5) | 1600 (23.7) | 0.103 | 288 (19.5) | 1158 (19.8) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 76 (5.1) | 499 (7.4) | 0.093 | 76 (5.1) | 351 (6.0) | 0.037 |
| Cerebrovascular vascular disease | 71 (4.8) | 440 (6.5) | 0.075 | 71 (4.8) | 288 (4.9) | 0.005 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 76 (5.1) | 322 (4.8) | 0.017 | 76 (5.1) | 244 (4.2) | 0.046 |
| Any tumors | 54 (3.7) | 348 (5.2) | 0.074 | 54 (3.7) | 252 (4.3) | 0.033 |
| Ulcer disease | 36 (2.4) | 169 (2.5) | 0.005 | 36 (2.4) | 120 (2.0) | 0.026 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 22 (1.5) | 102 (1.5) | 0.002 | 22 (1.5) | 62 (1.1) | 0.038 |
| Congestive heart failure | 21 (1.4) | 147 (2.2) | 0.057 | 21 (1.4) | 95 (1.6) | 0.017 |
| Moderate/severe renal disease | 20 (1.4) | 124 (1.8) | 0.039 | 20 (1.4) | 90 (1.5) | 0.015 |
| Liver diseases | 14 (0.9) | 71 (1.1) | 0.011 | 14 (0.9) | 50 (0.9) | 0.010 |
| Dementia | 6 (0.4) | 71 (1.1) | 0.076 | 6 (0.4) | 48 (0.8) | 0.053 |
| Hemiplegia/paraplegia | 16 (1.1) | 110 (1.6) | 0.047 | 16 (1.1) | 86 (1.5) | 0.034 |
| Myocardial infarction | 7 (0.5) | 79 (1.2) | 0.077 | 7 (0.5) | 57 (1.0) | 0.059 |
| Connective tissue disease | 8 (0.5) | 63 (0.9) | 0.046 | 8 (0.5) | 50 (0.9) | 0.038 |
| Lymphoma | 0 (0.0) | 10 (0.1) | 0.054 | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.1) | 0.049 |
| Leukaemia | 2 (0.1) | 12 (0.2) | 0.011 | 2 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) | 0.013 |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 2 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 0.002 | 2 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 0.004 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (mean, SD) | 1.16 (1.81) | 1.52 (2.13) | 0.184 | 1.16 (1.81) | 1.27 (1.94) | 0.059 |
a
Categorization was based on the disease types included in the Charlson Comorbidity index.
b
257 patients did not proceed to survival and mediation analysis as deaths occurred earlier than their index dates. The SMD of matching variables remained below 0.1 in the absence of these patients.
Abbreviation: IQR – Interquartile range, SD – Standard deviation, SMD – Standardised mean difference, TRD – Treatment-resistant depression.