Table 4.

Association between stressors during the lockdown and COVID-19 disease, with post-lockdown severity of depression

	Depression		Anxiety
	Moderate (20.3%)	Severe (4.5%)	Moderate (18.4%)	Severe (9.9%)
	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)
Household conditions
Living alone	1.07 (0.96–1.19)	1.35 (1.10–1.65)	0.95 (0.85–1.07)	0.94 (0.80–1.10)
High media exposure (**)	1.32 (1.21–1.43)	1.56 (1.32–1.84)	1.32 (1.21–1.44)	1.60 (1.43–1.78)
Interpersonal conflicts	1.71 (1.59–1.85)	2.22 (1.90–2.59)	1.61 (1.48–1.74)	1.97 (1.77–2.19)
Caregiving of children	1.09 (0.99–1.20)	1.18 (0.99–1.40)	1.15 (1.04–1.26)	1.14 (1.01–1.28)
Financial strain
Currently unemployed	1.17 (1.04–1.32)	1.81 (1.49–2.20)	1.24 (1.09–1.40)	1.33 (1.15–1.53)
Struggle to pay rent/food	1.16 (1.02–1.31)	2.05 (1.70–2.47)	1.27 (1.11–1.45)	1.77 (1.55–2.01)
Wider environment
Rare/no access to outdoor spaces (**)	1.09 (1.00–1.19)	1.49 (1.26–1.76)	1.01 (0.91–1.11)	1.25 (1.11–1.40)
Noise annoyance	1.34 (1.24–1.45)	1.43 (1.23–1.68)	1.27 (1.17–1.38)	1.42 (1.27–1.57)
COVID-19 (***)
All cases	1.32 (1.14–1.53)	1.56 (1.19–2.05)	1.29 (1.09–1.51)	1.49 (1.24–1.79)

Log-binomial/Poisson regression analysis*, COVICAT study, n = 9515 **

*Log-binomial regression models adjusted for age, gender, education level, days passed since end of stay-at-home order, positive COVID-19 diagnosis, confirmed history of mental health diagnosis, and type of interview. Poisson regression models with robust standard errors were applied when convergence was not achieved

**Analyses were run among participants with available information for all variables; sample sizes were N = 9515 for all models except those marked with (**), which were N = 9430 due to the omission of these questions in the telephone-based interviews

***Model for COVID-19 adjusted as above except for positive COVID-19 diagnosis