Table 3.
Effect of essential oils from Artemisia spp. and pure component compounds on [Ca2+]i and cytotoxicity in human neutrophils.
| Essential Oil or Pure Compound |
Activation of [Ca2+]i | Inhibition of [Ca2+]i | Cytotoxicity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fMLF-Induced | WKYMVM-Induced | |||
| EC50 (μg/mL) | IC50 (μg/mL) | IC50 (μg/mL) | ||
| ATLv | 23.6 ± 3.6 | 28.9 ± 4.1 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | Nontoxic |
| ATFl | 32.1 ± 4.5 | 19.5 ± 3.3 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | Nontoxic |
| ALLv | 15.8 ± 2.1 | 31.2 ± 3.9 | 8.1 ± 3.4 | Nontoxic |
| ALFl | 16.3 ± 4.2 | 21.4 ± 3.2 | 19.6 ± 6.3 | Nontoxic |
| ADLv | 25.3 ± 7.4 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.8 | 32.6 ± 4.1 |
| ADFl | 18.8 ± 3.2 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 24.7 ± 2.8 |
| AFLv | 44.7 ± 6.2 | 19.3 ± 4.2 | 32.4 ± 6.4 | 42.4 ± 3.2 |
| AFFl | 41.5 ± 3.5 | 13.0 ± 2.6 | 26.6 ± 6.5 | 31.4 ± 4.8 |
| ACLv | 48.7 ± 9.5 | 18.4 ± 7.6 | 36.5 ± 4.8 | Nontoxic |
| ACFl | 41.6 ± 11.7 | 22.6 ± 6.8 | 30.4 ± 7.1 | Nontoxic |
| EC50 (μM) | IC50 (μM) | IC50 (μM) | ||
| 1,8-Cineole | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Nontoxic |
| (−)-Camphor | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Nontoxic |
| (+)-Camphor | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Nontoxic |
| (±)-Bornyl acetate | 50.1 ± 11.5 | 42.6 ± 9.7 | 19.1 ± 0.1 | Nontoxic |
| Farnesene | 28.5 ± 2.6 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | Nontoxic |
| Piperitone | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Nontoxic |
| Xanthoxylin | 53.3 ± 5.0 | 27.2 ± 6.6 | 52.7 ± 11.2 | Nontoxic |
Legend: EC50 and IC50 values were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the dose-response curves. For the determination of cytotoxicity, neutrophils were incubated with indicated concentrations of the compounds for 90 min and cell viability was analyzed. N.A. indicates the samples had essentially no activity or no cytotoxicity, respectively (EC50 or IC50 > 55 µM for pure compounds or > 55 µg/mL for the oils). Presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Abbreviations for the oils: ATLv, A. tridentata leaves; ATFl, A. tridentata flowers; ALLv, A. ludoviciana leaves; ALFl, A. ludoviciana flowers; ADLv, A. dracunculus leaves; ADFl, A. dracunculus flowers; AFLv, A. frigida leaves; AFFl, A. frigida flowers; ACLv, A. cana leaves; ACFl, A. cana flowers.