Table 1.

Natural products tested in animal models and in clinical trials of autoimmune diseases.

Compound	Structures	Class	Models			Dosage	References
			In Vitro	In Vivo	Clinical Trials
Curcumin		Diarylheptanoid	Murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7	Acute kidney injury model: cisplatin-induced mice			[8]
			Breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231			25 µM	[9]
				Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) model: NZBWF1 mice		500 mg/kg/d	[10]
			Murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7	Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model: collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats			[11]
				Inflammatory bowel disease model: DSS-induced mice		50 mg/kg	[12]
					RA	250 or 500 mg/twice a day	[13,14]
					Oral lichen planus	80 mg/d	[15]
Resveratrol		Polyphenolic Phytoalexin		Autoimmune myocarditis model: Cardiay myosin immunized rats		50 mg/kg	[16]
				RA model: BIIC-induced rats		200 or 400 mg/kg	[17]
				SLE model: pristine-induced mouse		25 or 50 mg/kg	[18]
					RA	1 g/d	[19]
Quercetin		Flavonoid		RA model: Zymosan-induced mice			[20]
				RA model: CIA mice		30 or 150 mg/kg	[21,22]
				SLE model: chronic graft vs. host disease (cGVHD) mice		80 mg/kg	[23]
				SLE model: pristine-induced mouse			[24]
					RA	500 mg/d	[25]
Sinomenine		Alkaloid	Murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7	RA model: CIA mice		50 µg/mL; 50 mg/kg/d	[26]
			human monocyte-derived dendritic cells				[27]
				Multiple sclerosis (MS) model: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats		50, 100 or 200 mg/kg/d	[28]
					RA	60–120 mg/d	[26,29]
Baicalein		Flavonoid		RA model: CIA mice		20 mg/kg	[30]
Baicalin		Flavonoid		Colitis model: DSS-induced mice		20 mg/kg	[30]
			Murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7	Colitis model: TNBS-induced colitis rats		1.25–5 mg/mL/d lavage	[31]
				MS model: EAE rats		100 mg/kg/d	[32]
					RA patients with coronary artery disease	500 mg/d	[33]
Paeoniflonrin		Monoterpene Glucoside		Colitis model: TNBS-induced colitis mice		15, 30 or 45 mg/kg	[34]
			RA-fivroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs)			25, 50 or 100 µM	[35]
					RA		[36]
Hesperidin		Flavonoid Glycoside	Murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7				[37]
				Asthma model: OVA-induced asthma mice		1, 5, 10 or 30 mg/kg	[38,39]
				RA model: antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) mice		20 mg/kg/d	[40]
				RA model: adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats		80 or 160 mg/kg	[41]
					RA	3 g/d	[42]