Table 2.

Natural products tested in animal models of autoimmune diseases.

Compound	Structures	Class	Model		Dosage	References
			In Vitro	In Vivo
Celastrol		Triterpenoid		Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model: adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats	1 mg/kg/d	[113]
				RA model: antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) mice	3 g/kg/d	[114]
			2D and 3D model of psoriasis		3, 10, 30 or 90 ng/mL	[115]
Glycyrrhizin		Triterpenoid Saponin		RA model: collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats		[116]
Artemisinin		Sesquiterpene Lactones		RA model: CIA mice	5–20 mg/kg/d	[117]
				Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) model: MRL/lpr mice		[118]
			human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)		5 or 20 µM	[119]
			peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients		5 or 20 µM	[119]
			Spleen cells from MRL/lpr mice		0.1–10 µM	[120]
				SLE model: pristine-induced mouse	100 mg/kg/d	[121]
				Acute lung injury (ALI) model: lipopolysacchaide-induced ALI mice	75 mg/kg	[122]
				Asthma model: OVA-induced asthma mice	50 mg/kg	[123]
Sophocarpine		Alkaloid	Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs)	RA model: CIA mice		[124]
				SLE model: MRL/lpr mice	100 mg/kg/d	[125]
				Asthma model: OVA-induced asthma mice		[126]
Berberine		Alkaloid		Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) model: Concanavalin-A-induced AIH mice	100 or 200 mg/kg	[127]
				Guillain-Narré syndrome model: experimental autoimmune neuritis rats	20 or 130 mg/kg/d	[128]
				Myocarditis model: experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) rats	200 mg/kg/d BBR	[129]
Demethylenebeberine				Multiple sclerosis (MS) model: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice	200 mg/kg/d	[130]
				AIH model: Concanavalin-A-induced AIH mice		[131]
				Inflammatory bowel disease model: dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced inflammatory colitis mice	150 or 300 mg/kg	[132]
Betulin		Pentacyclic Triterpen		AIH model: Concanavalin-A-induced AIH mice	10 or 20 mg/kg	[133]
				Ulcerative colitis (UC) model: acetic-acid-induced UC rats	8 mg/kg	[134]
Curvularin		Macrocyclic Lactone	Murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7			[135]
			Hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 and breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231		17.1–171 µM	[136]
			human chondrocyte cell line C28/I2	RA model: CIA mice	10 mg/kg	[137]
Oxacyclododecindione		Macrocyclic Lactone	Hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 and breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231		86–1350 nM	[136]
				SLE model: MRL/lpr mice	1 mg/kg	[138]