Table 1.

An overview on the structural abnormalities of the hippocampus in schizophrenia patients.

Type of Structural Deviation	Experimental Approach	Reference
general volume reduction of the hippocampus	postmortem morphometric measurement	[18]
general volume reduction of the hippocampus	Coronal MRI/ high-resolution MRI	[19,21,22,55,56]
volume reduction of the left amygdala/hippocampal complex (AHC)	Coronal MRI/ high-resolution MRI	[23]
volume reduction of hippocampal subfields in the left hippocampus	Meta-analysis of postmortem studies	[25]
higher rate of incomplete hippocampal inversions with a reduced hippocampal volume	Coronal MRI/ high-resolution MRI	[38,39]
association of visual hallucinations with specific inversion patterns	Coronal MRI/ high-resolution MRI	[42]
volume reduction of anterior and midbody CA1- and CA2- regions with increased peri-hippocampal CSF levels	Coronal MRI/ high-resolution MRI	[20,55]
bilateral inward deformation of the anterior hippocampus	Coronal MRI/ high-resolution MRI	[57]
reduction of SV2A-positive synaptic vesicles in the hippocampus	PET-scan analysis	[60]
unchanged density of postsynaptic elements in the hippocampus	Meta-analysis of postmortem studies	[63]
reduced PSD-95 levels in the CA1-region/dentate molecular layer	Immunoblot-analysis of postmortem samples/ immuno-autoradiography	[26,28]
reduced SAP-102 levels in the hippocampus	Western blot analysis of postmortem samples	[68]
increased spine density and PSD-95 levels on CA3 pyramidal cell dendrites	Western blot analysis of postmortem samples/ Golgi staining	[27]
abnormal resting-state cortico-hippocampal network coherence	Functional connectivity analysis	[29]
reduced connectivity between the hippocampus and the striatum	Functional MRI analysis	[31]
functional hypoconnectivity to regions of the default mode network and hyperconnectivity to the lateral occipital cortex	Connectivity and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study	[32]