Preparation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-RBD vaccine. (a) The construct of mRNA-RBD vaccine for COVID-19. (b) The expression of RBD mRNA in HEK293T cells (c) The size distribution of LNPs was measured by a Malvern particle size instrument. (d) The encapsulation efficiency of LNPs using the ribogreen assay (e) The zeta potential for LNPs at pH 7.4 PBS. (f) Cryo-TEM images of the LNPs (scale bar, 100 nm, 50 nm). (g) Time-dependent change in particle size of LNPs upon storage at 4 °C, −20 °C and −80 °C. (h) Time-dependent change in encapsulation efficiency of LNPs for 14 days using the ribogreen assay upon storage at 4 °C, −20 °C and −80 °C. UTR, untranslated region; NC, negative control.