Table 2.

Brain-related phenotype of significant proteins or genes identified by PWAS and TWAS analysis.

Beverage Type		Proteins/Genes			Brain-Related Phenotype	p Value
		Symbol	EnsemblID	Name
PWAS	Bitter beverages
	Total bitter beverages	ABCG2	ENSG00000118777	ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2	Narcolepsy	7.90 × 10−5
					Volume Left-Cerebellum-Cortex	5.37 × 10−5
					Volume Right-Thalamus-Proper	4.79 × 10−5
		CPNE1	ENSG00000214078	copine 1	Cognitive performance	1.57 × 10−4
					Intelligence	1.10 × 10−4
					Mood swings	2.70 × 10−4
	Alcoholic bitter beverages	FLOT2	ENSG00000132589	flotillin 2	Cognitive performance	8.13 × 10−6
					Neuroticism	3.35 × 10−4
					Tense/‘highly strung’	3.20 × 10−4
	Tea	ABCG2	ENSG00000118777	ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2	Narcolepsy	7.90 × 10−5
					Volume Left-Cerebellum-Cortex	5.37 × 10−5
					Volume Right-Thalamus-Proper	4.79 × 10−5
	Sweet beverages
	Total sweet beverages	FLOT2	ENSG00000132589	flotillin 2	Cognitive performance	8.13 × 10−6
					Neuroticism	3.35 × 10−4
					Tense/‘highly strung’	3.20 × 10−4
	Artificially sweetened beverages	ACTR1B	ENSG00000115073	actin related protein 1B	Bipolar disorder	1.40 × 10−4
					Schizophrenia	2.93 × 10−4
					Ever depressed for a whole week	2.84 × 10−4
TWAS	Bitter beverages
	Total bitter beverages	PIGG	ENSG00000174227	phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class G	Not found	/
		C3orf18	ENSG00000088543	chromosome 3 open reading frame 18	Intelligence	4.50 × 10−4
					Anxiety, nerves or generalized anxiety disorder	4.91 × 10−4
					Mood swings	7.50 × 10−4
	Alcoholic bitter beverages	ZSWIM7	ENSG00000214941	zinc finger SWIM-type containing 7	Depressed affect	8.96 × 10−4
					Parkinson’s disease	3.07 × 10−7
					Feeling miserable	2.50 × 10−5
	Non-alcoholic bitter beverages	PIGG	ENSG00000174227	phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class G	Not found	/
	Coffee	PEX7	ENSG00000112357	peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7	Easily tired during worst period of anxiety	4.90 × 10−4
					IDP T1 FAST ROIs R heschl gyrus	5.75 × 10−4
	Tea	PKP4	ENSG00000144283	plakophilin 4	Manic/hyper symptoms	8.80 × 10−4
	Grape juice	RPLP2	ENSG00000177600	ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P2	DKTatlas lh paracentral area	4.17 × 10−4
					Manic/hyper symptoms	1.66 × 10−4
					IDP SWI T2star left thalamus	5.89 × 10−4

Note: PWAS, proteome-wide association study; TWAS, transcriptome-wide association study. ROS/MAP and Banner means human brain proteomes for PWAS analysis; CBR and CBRS means two datasets of human brain gene expressions for TWAS analysis. IDP, imaging derived phenotype; ROI, region of interest; DKT, Desikan–Killiany–Tourville cortical labeling protocol; SWI, susceptibility weighted imaging. FAST is a segmentation sentence in a brain image analysis software.