Table 1.
CnTX subfamilies targeting voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel subtypes, functional impact, and pathophysiological activity.
| Species | CnTX Subfamilies | Channel Subunit Targeted | Functional Impact | Pathophysiological Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. geographus | μ-GIIIA | NaV1.4 | block skeletal muscle channels | paralysis | [40] |
| C. geographus | μ-GIIIB μ-GIIIC |
NaV1.1 NaV1.2 NaV1.4 NaV1.6 |
discriminate between muscle and neuronal channels | - | [41] |
|
C. bullatus
C. catus C. consor C. magnus C. purpurascens C. stercusmuscarum C. striatus C. tulipa |
μ-CnIIIA μ-CnIIIB μ-CnIIIC μ-CIIIA, μ-MIIIA |
NaV1 | block channel conductance | paralysis (CIIIA) | [42] [43] |
| C. purpurascens | μ-PIIIA | NaV1.2 NaV1.4 NaV1.7 |
inhibit channel modulation | - | [44] |
| C. stercusmuscarum | μ-SmIIIA | irreversible block of NaV currents |
nociceptive role | [45,46] | |
| C. striatus | μ-SIIIA | NaV1.2 | block of neuronal NaV current |
analgesic activity | [47] |
|
C. tulipa
C. kinoshitai C. striatus |
μ-TIIIA, μ-KIIIA, μ-KIIIB, μ-SIIIB |
NaV1.1 NaV1.2 NaV1.3 NaV1.4 NaV1.6 |
affinity NaV channels |
analgesic activity | [48,49,50] |
| C. marmoreus | μO-MrVIA, μO MrVIB, μO MfVIA |
NaV1.8 | inhibit channel activity | analgesic activity | [51] |
| C. radiatus | ί-RXIA | NaV1.6 | shift channel activation | - | [52] |