Table 3.
Example of extraction and identification methods used for analysis of ginkgo biflavonoids from different plant parts.
| Plant Part | Biflavonoids | Extraction | Identification | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| leaves | bilobetin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin and dihyrosciadopitysin [38] |
acetone | NMR | |
| amentoflavone, bilobetin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, scyadopytisin [39] | 60% methanol | HPLC-DAD-MS | ||
| amentoflavone, bilobetin, ginkgetin/isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin [40] | methanol | HPLC- FTICR- MS | ||
| bilobetin, gingketin sciadopitysin [41] |
Soxhlet apparatus with 70% methanol | RP-HPTLC | ||
| bilobetin, gingketin, isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin [33] |
ultrasonic extraction using 50% aqueous ethanol | HPLC-MS/MS | ||
| bilobetin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin [42] | MeOH-based deep eutectic solvent micellar system | UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS | ||
| bilobetin, gingketin, isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin [43] | ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid extraction | HPLC-DAD NMR |
||
| amentoflavone, sciadoptysin [44] | ethanol | UHPLC–ESI-MS/MS | ||
| stem | amentoflavone, sciadoptysin [44] | ethanol | UHPLC–ESI-MS/MS | |
| flowers | male | amentoflavone, bilobetin, isoginketin sciadopitysin [45] |
70% EtOH followed by silica gel column chromatography | NMR |
| fruit | amentoflavone, sciadoptysin [44] | ethanol | UHPLC–ESI-MS/MS | |
| exocarp | Bilobetin, ginkgetin Isoginkgetin [46] |
macroporous adsorption resin and then two-dimensional preparative HPLC-DAD system | HPLC-DAD | |
| sarcotesta | ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin [47] | petroleum ether extract | HPLC-MS/MS NMR |
|
| seed coats | Isoginkgetin [48] | 70% ethanol | UPLC-ESI-MS | |