Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of eligible children and adolescents and their parents, stratified by breastfeeding duration (n = 8208).
| Breastfeeding Duration (Months) | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 0–5 (n = 2373) |
6–11 (n = 3184) |
≥12 (n = 2651) |
||
| Characteristics of children and adolescents | |||||
| Age * | 11.2 (4.0) | 11.1 (6.0) | 11.2 (6.0) | 11.3 (4.0) | 0.016 |
| Sex | 0.013 | ||||
| Boys | 3914 (47.7) | 1180 (49.7) # | 1458 (45.8) | 1276 (48.1) | |
| Girls | 4294 (52.3) | 1193 (50.3) # | 1726 (54.2) | 1375 (51.9) | |
| Residence | <0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 4623 (56.3) | 1533 (64.6) # | 1844 (57.9) | 1246 (47.0) # | |
| Rural | 3585 (43.7) | 840 (35.4) # | 1340 (42.1) | 1405 (53.0) # | |
| Obesity phenotypes | |||||
| Normal weight | <0.001 | ||||
| MHNW | 4776 (68.1) | 1472 (72.8) # | 1927 (69.5) | 1377 (62.0) # | |
| MUNW | 2242 (31.9) | 551 (27.2) # | 847 (30.5) | 844 (38.0) # | |
| Obesity | 0.002 | ||||
| MHO | 488 (41.0) | 171 (48.9) # | 153 (37.3) | 164 (38.1) | |
| MUO | 702 (59.0) | 179 (51.1) # | 257 (62.7) | 266 (61.9) | |
| Healthy lifestyle category | 0.001 | ||||
| Favorable | 1213 (14.8) | 367 (15.5) | 487 (15.3) | 359 (13.5) # | |
| Intermediate | 2838 (34.6) | 825 (34.8) | 1150 (36.1) | 863 (32.6) # | |
| Unfavorable | 4157 (50.6) | 1181 (49.8) | 1547 (48.6) | 1429 (53.9) | |
| Single-child status | <0.001 | ||||
| Single children | 5493 (66.9) | 1733 (73.0) # | 2188 (68.7) | 1572 (59.3) # | |
| Non-single children | 2715 (33.1) | 640 (27.0) # | 996 (31.3) | 1079 (40.7) # | |
| Delivery time | <0.001 | ||||
| Normal | 3802 (46.3) | 1083 (45.6) # | 1340 (42.1) | 1379 (52.0) # | |
| Premature delivery | 2435 (29.7) | 803 (33.8) | 993 (31.2) | 639 (24.1) # | |
| Delayed delivery | 1971 (24.0) | 487 (20.5) # | 851 (26.7) | 633 (23.9) # | |
| Delivery model | <0.001 | ||||
| Caesarean | 3428 (41.8) | 1192 (50.2) # | 1288 (40.5) | 948 (35.8) # | |
| Eutocia | 4780 (58.2) | 1181 (49.8) # | 1896 (59.5) | 1703 (64.2) # | |
| Birth weight | <0.001 | ||||
| NBW | 6881 (83.8) | 1954 (82.3) | 2665 (83.7) | 2262 (85.3) | |
| LBW | 569 (6.9) | 213 (9.0) | 233 (7.3) | 123 (4.6) # | |
| HBW | 758 (9.2) | 206 (8.7) | 286 (9.0) | 266 (10.0) | |
| Family history of diseases $ | 0.022 | ||||
| Yes | 1254 (15.3) | 403 (17.0) # | 459 (14.4) | 392 (14.8) | |
| No | 6954 (84.7) | 1970 (83.0) # | 2725 (85.6) | 2259 (85.2) | |
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Paternal education level | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary or below | 581 (7.1) | 133 (5.6) | 169 (5.3) | 279 (10.5) # | |
| Secondary or equivalent | 5338 (65.0) | 1381 (58.2) # | 2010 (63.1) | 1947 (73.4) # | |
| Junior college or above | 2289 (27.9) | 859 (36.2) # | 1005 (31.6) | 425 (16.0) # | |
| Maternal education level | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary or below | 769 (9.4) | 159 (6.7) # | 273 (8.6) | 337 (12.7) # | |
| Secondary or equivalent | 5221 (63.6) | 1351 (56.9) # | 1956 (61.4) | 1914 (72.2) # | |
| Junior college or above | 2218 (27.0) | 863 (36.4) # | 955 (30.0) | 400 (15.1) # | |
| Paternal tobacco consumption | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 4327 (52.7) | 1220 (51.4) | 1612 (50.6) | 1495 (56.4) # | |
| No | 3881 (47.3) | 1153 (48.6) | 1572 (49.4) | 1156 (43.6) # | |
| Maternal tobacco consumption | 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 97 (1.2) | 38 (1.6) # | 20 (0.6) | 39 (1.5) # | |
| No | 8111 (98.8) | 2335 (98.4) # | 3164 (99.4) | 2612 (98.5) # | |
| Paternal alcohol consumption | 0.120 | ||||
| Yes | 2560 (31.2) | 732 (30.8) | 962 (30.2) | 866 (32.7) | |
| No | 5648 (68.8) | 1641 (69.2) | 2222 (69.8) | 1785 (67.3) | |
| Maternal alcohol consumption | 0.453 | ||||
| Yes | 152 (1.9) | 48 (2.0) | 62 (1.9) | 42 (1.6) | |
| No | 8056 (98.1) | 2325 (98.0) | 3122 (98.1) | 2609 (98.4) | |
| Maternal age at delivery * | 26.4 (4.8) | 27.0 (4.8) # | 26.1 (4.7) | 26.1 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Monthly household income | 0.835 | ||||
| <5000 CNY | 6803 (82.9) | 1958 (82.5) | 2641 (82.9) | 2204 (83.1) | |
| ≥5000 CNY | 1405 (17.1) | 415 (17.5) | 543 (17.1) | 447 (16.9) | |
Note: Categorical variables are expressed by frequency value (percentage, %). * Quantitative variables are shown as median (interquartile range) because the data did not follow a normality of distribution. $ Family history of diseases includes obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease. # Significant difference compared with the breastfeeding duration for 6–11 months group. MHNW, metabolic healthy normal weight; MUNW, metabolic unhealthy normal weight; MHO, metabolic healthy obesity; MUO, metabolic unhealthy obesity; NBW, normal birth weight; LBW, low birth weight; LBW, high birth weight.