Table 1.
The performance characteristics of electrochemical sensors reported in the literature for amphenicol determination.
| Electrode | Technique | Linear Range * | Limit of Detection * | Sample | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloramphenicol (CAP) | |||||
| DME | DPP | <3.20 × 10−5 | 200 ppb | milk | [35] |
| Pt | DPV | 0.80–30.00 ** | 10.00 ** | Pharmaceutical formulations, spiked milk samples | [36] |
| Au | SWV | 2.50 × 10−6–7.40 × 10−6 | 1.00 × 10−6 | – | [37] |
| BDDE | FIA-AD | 1.00 × 10−7–5.00 × 10−5 | 3.00 × 10−8 | Eye drops | [38] |
| CPE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−6–1.00 × 10−5 | 5.00 × 10−7 | – | [39] |
| CFME | SWV | 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−5 | 4.70 × 10−8 | Milk | [40] |
| BM–PCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−6–4.00 × 10−5 5.00 × 10−5–5.00 × 10−4 |
1.00 × 10−8 | – | [41] |
| ET–GCE | SWV | 1.00 × 10−7–7.00 × 10−5 | 6.00 × 10−9 | Eye drops | [42] |
| ET–GCE | SWV | 1.60 × 10−6–2.00 × 10−4 | 2.30 × 10−6 | Eye drops, oral suspension | [43] |
| GCE in presence of CTAB | LSV | 2.60 × 10−3 – 8.00 *** | 8.30 × 10−4 *** | Milk | [44] |
| Ni/GCE | LSV | 1.00 × 10−5–1.00 × 10−3 | 5.00 × 10−6 | Eye drops | [45] |
| Fe3O4/ET–GCE | SWV | 9.00 × 10−8–4.70 × 10−5 | 9.00 × 10−8 | Shrimp extract | [46] |
| Fe3O4mNPs/CFME | DPV | 4.00 × 10−11–1.00 × 10−6 | 1.70 × 10−11 | Spiked sediment | [47] |
| AuNPs/BDDE | SWV | 5.00 × 10−6–3.50 × 10−5 | 5.00 × 10−6 | – | [48] |
| c–SWCNH/GCE | – | 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−4 | 1.00 × 10−7 | – | [49] |
| GNFls/GCE | DPV Amp (–0.476 V) |
1.00 × 10−8–2.70 × 10−7 5.00 × 10−10–5.50 × 10−9 |
4.40 × 10−9 3.80 × 10−10 |
Urine |
[50] |
| EPC/GCE | SWV | 1.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−6 1.00 × 10−6–4.00 × 10−6 |
2.90 × 10−9 | Honey | [51] |
| ENC–800/GCE | SWV | 5.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−4 1.00 × 10−4–1.00 × 10−4 |
4.00 × 10−8 | Honey, milk, domestic sewage | [52] |
| rGO/GCE | AdS-DPV | – | 2.20 × 10−7 | Milk | [53] |
| 3D_rGO/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−6–1.13 × 10−4 | 1.50 × 10−7 | Eye drops, milk | [54] |
| Cl–rGO/GCE | DPV | 2.00 × 10−6–3.50 × 10−5 | 1.00 × 10−6 | Calf plasma, tap water, milk, eye drops | [55] |
| Z–800@rGO/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−6–1.80 × 10−4 | 2.50 × 10−7 | Milk, honey | [56] |
| Gd2(MoO4)3@rG/GCE | Amp (−0.680 V) | 2.00 × 10−8–9.00 × 10−8 | 6.30 × 10−9 | – | [57] |
| Co3O4@rGO/GCE | CV DPV Amp |
1.00 × 10−6–2.00 × 10−3 2.00 × 10−6–2.00 × 10−3 1.00 × 10−7–1.50 × 10−3 |
5.50 × 10−7 1.16 × 10−6 1.00 × 10−7 |
Milk, honey | [58] |
| CoMoO4/GCE | DPV | 6.00 × 10−8–1.19 × 10−3 | 1.40 × 10−8 | Milk, urine | [59] |
| NiCo2O4@C/GCE | DPV | 5.00 × 10−7–3.20 × 10−4 | 3.50 × 10−8 | Milk, honey | [60] |
| Mn2O3@CCH/GCE | DPV | 5.00 × 10−9–7.94 × 10−6 1.39 × 10−5–9.19 × 10−5 |
3.00 × 10−8 | Tap and drinking water | [61] |
| G/CuPc/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−7–2.00 × 10−5 | 2.70 × 10−8 | Eye drops, milk | [62] |
| BiOI/G/GCE | PhV | 5.00 × 10−7–5.00 × 10−5 | 1.40 × 10−7 | Eye drops, environmental water | [63] |
| TiN–rGO/GCE | DPV | 5.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−4 | 2.00 × 10−8 | Eye drops | [64] |
| GO/ZnO/GCE | DPV | 2.00 × 10−7–7.20 × 10−6 | 1.00 × 10−8 | Eye drops, milk | [65] |
| GO/PdNPs/GCE | Amp (−0.540 V) | 7.00 × 10−9–1.03 × 10−4 | 1.00 × 10−9 | Milk, urine | [66] |
| rGO/PdNPs/GCE | DPV | 5.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−6 | 5.00 × 10−8 | Tap water, honey | [67] |
| Pt–Pd NCs/rGO/GCE | LSV | 2.00 × 10−7–3.00 × 10−5 | 1.00 × 10−7 | Milk | [68] |
| AuNPs/GO/GCE | Amp (−0.450 V) | 1.50 × 10−6–2.95 × 10−6 | 2.50 × 10−7 | Eye drops, milk, honey | [69] |
| AuNPs/C3N4/G/GCE | SWV | 7.00 × 10−7–1.20 × 10−4 | 2.70 × 10−8 | Milk | [70] |
| AuNPs/N–G/GCE | AdS-LSV | 2.00 × 10−6–8.00 × 10−5 | 5.90 × 10−7 | Eye drops | [6] |
| OMIMPF6/AuNPs/SWCNTs/GCE | AdS-LSV | 1.00 × 10−8–6.00 × 10−6 | 5.00 × 10−9 | Milk | [71] |
| CuNDs/MWCNTs/GCE | LSV | 1.50 × 10−7–1.20 × 10−5 | 9.84 × 10−9 | Environmental water | [72] |
| AgNPs/S-f–G/GCE | AdS-DPV | 2.00 × 10−8–2.00 × 10−5 | 1.00 × 10−8 | Shrimp | [73] |
| MIP(MAA)/3D_CNTs@CuNPs/GCE | CV | 1.00 × 10−5–5.00 × 10−4 | 1.00 × 10−5 | Milk | [74] |
| MWCNTs/CTAB/PDPA/GCE | AdS-DPV | 1.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−5 | 2.00 × 10−9 | Milk, honey | [75] |
| MWCNTs@MIP/P–rGO/CKM–3/GCE | DPV | 5.00 × 10−9–4.00 × 10−6 | 1.00 × 10−10 | Milk, honey | [76] |
| OMC/Nafion/GCE | AdS-LSV | 5.00 × 10−7–6.00 × 10−5 | 8.50 × 10−9 | Honey | [77] |
| MoS2/PANI/CPE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−4 | 6.90 × 10−8 | honey | [78,79] |
| MoS2–rGO/GCE MoS2–MWCNTs/GCE MoS2–CB/GCE |
DPV | 5.00 × 10−6–3.50 × 10−5 1.00 × 10−6–3.50 × 10−5 5.00 × 10−6–5.50 × 10−5 |
1.00 × 10−6 4.00 × 10−7 1.90 × 10−6 |
- | [80] |
| MoS2/f–MWCNTs/GCE | Amp (−0.520 V) | 8.00 × 10−8–1.39 × 10−3 | 1.50 × 10−8 | Milk, powdered milk, honey | [81] |
| N–PC@MoS2/GCE | SWV | 1.00 × 10−5–5.00 × 10−4 | 2.03 × 10−8 | Human serum | [82] |
| MoS2–IL/GO/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−7–4.00 × 10−4 | 4.70 × 10−8 | Eye drops, milk, urine | [83] |
| MoN@S–GCN/GCE | DPV | 5.00 × 10−7–2.45 × 10−3 | 6.90 × 10−9 | Eye drops, milk | [84] |
| MIL–101(Cr)/XC–72/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−8–2.00 × 10−5 | 1.50 × 10−9 | Eye drops, honey, milk | [85] |
| Fe3O4–CMC@AuNPs/GCE | SWV | 2.50 × 10−6–2.50 × 10−5 | 6.60 × 10−8 | Human urine | [86] |
| Si–Fe/NOMC/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−6–5.00 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−8 | Eye drops | [87] |
| Fe/NC–Nafion/GCE | LSV | 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−4 | 3.10 × 10−8 | Milk, urine | [88] |
| g–C3N4/MnWO4/GCE | DPV | 4.00 × 10−9–7.10 × 10−8 | 1.03 × 10−9 | Milk, human blood serum, sewage, river samples | [89] |
| ZnWO4NWs/GCE | CV | 5.00 × 10−5–5.00 × 10−4 | 3.20 × 10−7 | – | [90] |
| CL–Ho3+/Co3O4–NFlos/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−8–8.00 × 10−6 | 7.10 × 10−9 | Human blood serum, urine, eye drops | [91] |
| P(EBT)/GCE | AdS-SWV | 1.00 × 10−8–4.00 × 10−6 | 3.00 × 10−9 | Eye drops, ointments | [92] |
| β–CD/CMK-3@PDA /GCE | SWV | 5.00 × 10−7–5.00 × 10−4 | 2.00 × 10−7 | Milk, milk powder, bee pollen, honey | [93] |
| PDA–VGCF/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−8–1.42 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−9 | Milk, honey, apple juice | [94] |
| SPANI–CHIT/GCE | CV | 5.00 × 10−7–5.00 × 10−5 | 1.00 × 10−7 | Eye drops | [95] |
| MoS2/SDPANI/CPE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−3 | 6.50 × 10−8 | Eye drops | [96] |
| PCN–222–CHIT/ PEDOT/ITOE |
AdS-DPV | 1.00 × 10−8–8.00 × 10−7 | 1.80 × 10−9 | Tap water | [97] |
| CSM@VSM/ITOE | DPV | 0.10–3.60 ** 3.60–15.00 ** |
40 **** | Milk, honey | [98] |
| Apt/[NH2–Si]–f–GO/AgNPs/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−11–2.00 × 10−7 | 3.30 × 10−12 | Milk, honey | [7] |
| Apt–MIP(Res)/AgNPs/3–ampy–rGO/GCE | EIS | 1.00 × 10−12–1.00 × 10−9 | 3.00 × 10−13 | Milk | [99] |
| SSB/CAP/MCH/Apt/PEI–rGO/AuNCs/AuE | DPV | 5.00 × 10−12–1.00 × 10−6 | 2.08 × 10−12 | Chicken meat | [100] |
| Apt/PCN–222/GO/AuE | EIS | 1.00 × 10−11–5.00 × 10−8 | 7.04 × 10−12 | [101] | |
| tDNA-Apt/SPAuE | DPV | 3.00 × 10−10–2.00 × 10−9 | 1.83 × 10−10 | Milk | [102] |
| Anti–CAP/HGNS/CHIT/GCE | DPV | 0.10–1000.00 **** | 0.06 **** | Fish, beef and pork meat | [103] |
| Anti–CAP/PVA–co–PE NFM/SPCE | Amp (−0.660 V) | 0.01–10.00 **** | 0.0047 **** | Milk | [104] |
| SPCE SPPtE AuNPs/SPCE AuNPs/SPPtE |
DPV | 1.00 × 10−6–5.00 × 10−5 2.50 × 10−7–5.00 × 10−5 |
1.00 × 10−6 1.36 × 10−6 1.00 × 10−7 6.60 × 10−7 |
– | [105] |
| rGO/Cu2S NS/SPCE | Amp (−0.720 V) | 6.00 × 10−8–1.95 × 10−3 | 1.27 × 10−8 | Milk (fresh, powder), ice cream | [106] |
| rGO@NHS@AuNFlos/SPE | DPV | 5.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−4 | 1.00 × 10−9 | Blood serum, milk, powdered milk, honey, eggs, poultry feed | [107] |
| MIP(EBT)/SPCE | SWV SWV |
1.00 × 10−9–1.00 × 10−4 | 6.53 × 10−10 6.53 × 10−10 |
Home fish aquarium water | [108] |
| MIP(MAA)/SPE | CV | 1.00 × 10−8–1.20 × 10−5 | 2.00 × 10−9 | Milk | [109] |
| Mn2O3TNSs/SPCE | DPV | 1.50 × 10−8–5.66 × 10−4 | 4.26 × 10−9 | Milk | [110] |
| Eu2O3NPs@rGO/SPCE Eu2O3NPs@rGO/RE |
CV Amp (0.420 V) |
5.00 × 10−5–2.50 × 10−4 2.00 × 10−8–8.00 × 10−4 |
1.32 × 10−9 | Fresh milk, honey | [111] |
| Sr–ZnO@rGO/SPCE | LSV | 1.90 × 10−7–4.11 × 10−4 | 1.31 × 10−7 | Milk, powdered milk | [112] |
| Bi2S3@GCN/SPCE | DPV | 2.00 × 10−8–3.74 × 10−4 | 1.20 × 10−9 | Fresh milk, shrimps, honey | [113] |
| Fe3O4@G/MSPE | CV | 5.00 × 10−5–5.00 × 10−4 | 1.70 × 10−5 | – | [114] |
| MIO@NG/MSPE | SWV | 1.00 × 10−8–2.00 × 10−6 5.00 × 10−6–2.00 × 10−4 |
1.00 × 10−8 | Milk (powder and bottled), eye drops | [115] |
| PGE | LSV SWV |
2.50 × 10−6–1.00 × 10−3 2.50 × 10−6–7.50 × 10−4 |
6.09 × 10−7 1.39 × 10−6 |
Pharmaceutical capsules | [5] |
| FGE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−5–2.00 × 10−4 | 2.70 × 10−6 | Pork meat, milk | [116] |
| Ag/CMC@TiO2/LIGE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−4 | 7.00 × 10−9 | Tap and lake water | [117] |
| Thiamphenicol (TAP) | |||||
| CNTs/en/AuNPs/SPCE | AdS-DPV | 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−5 1.00 × 10−5–3.00 × 10−5 |
3.00 × 10−9 | Milk | [118] |
| Florfenicol (FF) | |||||
| P(3–MTF)/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−4–1.00 × 10−3 | 3.99 × 10−5 | Red and chicken meat | [119] |
| G/CuPc/GCE | DPV | 1.00 × 10−6–3.00 × 10−5 | 7.50 × 10−7 | Milk | [62] |
* mol/L if not stated otherwise; ** μg/mL; *** mg/mL; **** ng/mL.