Table 1.
The association between exposure to insecticides and RA development.
| Authors (Years)/Country | Study Design |
Gender | Sample Size | Name of Chemicals | aOR (95% CI) | Confounding Variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| De Roos et al. (2005)/USA [17] |
Case–control | Female | 810 | Insecticides Carbamates Organochlorines Organophosphates Carbaryl Chlordane Chlorpyrifos Coumaphos DDT DDVP Diazinon Lindane Malathion Permethrin Phorate Terbufos Toxaphene |
1.2 (0.8–1.7) 1.2 (0.8–1.7) 1.1 (0.6–2.0) 1.2 (0.8–1.8) 1.2 (0.8–1.8) 0.5 (0.1–1.6) 0.8 (0.4–2.1) 0.8 (0.2–3.4) 1.0 (0.4–2.2) 1.4 (0.5–3.9) 0.9 (0.5–1.7) 1.8 (0.6–5.0) 1.3 (0.8–2.0) 1.0 (0.4–2.3) 0.9 (0.2–4.3) 1.0 (0.3–3.4) 2.3 (0.4–12.9) |
Birth date, and state |
| Lee et al. (2007)/ Norway [18] |
Cross-sectional | Both genders | 1721 | Organochlorines | 3.5 (0.9–14.0) | Age, race, income status, BMI, and cigarette smoking |
| Parks et al. (2016)/USA [20] |
Cohort | Female | 23,841 | Carbaryl Chlordane DDT Diazinon Malathion Permethrin Dichlorvos |
1.1 (0.85–1.4) 0.99 (0.57–1.7) 1.5 (0.89–2.4) 1.2 (0.83–1.7) 1.1 (0.80–1.4) 1.5 (0.83–2.7) 1.1 (0.56–2.4) |
Age, state, and smoking pack-years |
| Meyer et al. (2017)/USA [6] |
Case–control | Male | 26,354 | Aldrin Chlordane DDT Dieldrin Heptachlor Lindane Toxaphene Chlorpyrifos Coumaphos Diazinon Dichlorvos Fonofos Malathion Parathion Phorate Terbufos Aldicarb Carbaryl Carbofuran Permethrin a Permethrin b |
1.30 (0.82–2.05) 1.32 (0.88–1.98) 115 (0.75–1.75) 1.63 (0.77–3.43) 0.88 (0.49–1.55) 0.96 (0.58–1.59) 1.44 (0.90–2.29) 1.30 (0.99–1.70) 0.70 (0.40–1.23) 1.16 (0.77–1.75) 1.40 (0.91–2.14) 1.70 (1.22–2.37) 1.05 (0.73–1.53) 0.85 (0.45–1.60) 1.14 (0.76–1.70) 1.24 (0.93–1.66) 1.08 (0.58–2.01) 1.51 (1.03–2.23) 1.08 (0.80–1.46) 1.17 (0.79–1.73) 1.05 (0.68–1.62) |
Age, state of enrollment, pack-years smoking, and education level |
| Koureas et al. (2017)/Greece [21] |
Cross- sectional |
Male | 170 | Insecticides Organophosphates Pyrethroids Guanidines |
2.82 (0.41–19.54) 6.47 (1.00–45.43) 5.65 (0.39–81.82) 16.18 (1.58–165.97) |
Age, smoker, alcohol consumption, and use of a tractor on a farm |
a Used on crops; b used on poultry and livestock; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; DDVP, 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate.