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. 2022 Apr 19;12(5):368. doi: 10.3390/metabo12050368

Table 3.

Adjusted R² and Mean Squared Error (MSE) to assess Linear Regression Models for postbronchodilator FEV₁ (L).

	FEV₁ (132 Metabolites)
	Adjusted R²			MSE
	Clinical Covariates ¹ Only	metSS Only	metSS + Covariates ¹	Clinical Covariates ¹ Only	metSS Only	metSS + Covariates ¹
SPIROMICS (training)	42.1	64.8	68.9	0.397	0.246	0.213
COPDGene (validation)	46.4	31.7	53.4	0.435	0.559	0.378

¹ clinical covariates: sex, age, height, race/ethnicity, BMI, smoking status, smoking pack-years, and clinical site.