Figure 1.

This figure shows the instrumental and intra-operative features typical of early-stage lower limb lymphedema. (a) Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy aimed at the superficial lymphatic system of a patient affected by early-stage lymphedema of the left lower limb secondary to Pelvic Lymphadenectomy (PL) for gynecological cancer. The lower part of the picture shows the leg functioning ectasic pathways with some extravasation in the left leg. In the middle figure, functioning vessels are present in the thigh. The image also reveals functioning inguinal lymph nodes that uptake the radiotracer. In the upper part of the picture, no pelvic lymph nodes are present; (b) Indocyanine Green Lymphography (ICG-L) of the same patient shows splash pattern, typical of ectasic lymphatic vessels; (c) intra-operative picture of the same patient during surgery shows ectasic lymphatic vessels, indicated by red arrows. In one of the two vessels, green dye is visible inside the lumen.