Table 1.
Quantity (µg/kg) of Different Polyphenols in Various Types of Honey.
| Active Ingredient |
Honey Type | Quantification Method | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manuka [15,16,17] |
Acacia [18,19] |
Eucalyptus [20] |
Chestnut [21] |
Cedar [22] |
Sunflower [23] |
Clover [24] |
||
| Quercetin | 43 | 200 | 105 | 46 | - | 200 | 200 | HPLC |
| Myricetin | 70 | - | 780 | 138 | - | - | - | UHPLC |
| Galangin | 35 | 550 | - | 149 | - | 220 | - | UPLC |
| Apigenin | 40 | 290 | 140 | 100 | 470 | 90 | 260 | HPLC |
| Naringenin | - | 60 | - | 350 | 107 | 169 | 368 | RP-HPLC |
| Chrysin | 30 | 130 | 190 | 680 | 170 | - | 470 | UHPLC |
| Luteolin | 38 | 140 | 66 | 80 | 464 | 320 | 550 | HPLC-DAD |
| Pinocembrin | 180 | 640 | 142 | - | - | 440 | - | HPLC |
| Pinobanksin | 290 | 148 | 319 | - | - | - | - | HPLC |
| Isorhamnetin | 40 | 90 | - | - | - | - | - | HPLC |
| Kaempferol | 150 | 90 | 147 | 250 | 670 | 120 | 172 | HPLC-UV |
| Gallic acid | 300 | 101 | 531 | 610 | 354 | 160 | 760 | HPLC-UV |
| Caffeic acid | 50 | 110 | 900 | 997 | 255 | 350 | 772 | HPLC-UV |
| Coumaric acid | 103 | 170 | 101 | 786 | 915 | 110 | 147 | HPLC-UV |
| Chlorogenic acid | 60 | 40 | 284 | 552 | - | 360 | - | HPLC-DAD |
| Ferulic acid | - | 740 | 368 | 166 | 220 | - | 531 | HPLC-PDA |
| Syringic acid | 400 | 300 | 366 | 202 | 394 | - | 235 | HPLC-UV |
| Cinnamic acid | - | 50 | - | 450 | 60 | - | 570 | HPLC-UV |
| Benzoic acid | 51 | - | 870 | 150 | - | - | - | HPLC |
|
Total Active
Ingredients |
1880 | 3849 | 5309 | 5706 | 3476 | 2539 | 5035 | - |