Table 3.
AFM1 contamination in infant formula samples from different countries around the world.
| Country | Year | Number of Samples | Positive Samples | >MTL | Mean± SD (ng/L) |
Range (ng/L) |
Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 2013 | 1 | 100% | 100% | 320 | N.D. | HPLC | [29] |
| Brazil | 2013 | 9 | 100% | 100% | 346 | N.D. | HPLC | [29] |
| 2016 | 16 | 44% | N.D. | 24 ± 10 | N.D.–46 | HPLC | [30] | |
| 2018 | 38 | 32% | 5.2% | 26 ± 19 | 13–67 | ELISA | [35] | |
| Egypt | 2011 | 125 | 43% | N.D. | 9.8 ± 1 | 5–25 | ELISA | [21] |
| India | 2013 | 18 | 100% | 100% | N.D. | 501–713 | ELISA | [31] |
| Iran | 2007 | 120 | 96.6% | 0 | 7.31 ± 3.9 | 1–14 | ELISA | [36] |
| 2020 | 29 | 3.4% | 0 | 21.7 | N.D. | HPLC | [37] | |
| Italy | 2001 | 92 | 53% | 4.3% | 32.2 ± 3.68 | <1–23.5 | HPLC | [17] |
| 2009 | 185 | 1% | N.D. | 14 | 11.8–15.3 | HPLC | [54] | |
| 2014 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | LC-MS/MS | [43] | |
| Jordan | 2016 | 20 | 100% | 85% | 120.26 ± 33.54 | 16.55–154.14 | ELISA | [45] |
| 2019 | 120 | 48.3% | 48.3% | 74.2 ± 7.54 | 5–213.84 | ELISA | [46] | |
| Kuwait | 2001 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | HPLC | [44] |
| Lebanon | 2019 | 42 | 88% | 31% | 20.1 ± 1.3 | 0–48.1 | ELISA | [25] |
| Mexico | 2019 | 55 | 20% | 20% | 40 ± 99 | 40–450 | HPLC | [32] |
| Pakistan | 2017 | 13 | 53.8% | 30.8% | 20 | 6–108 | ELISA | [33] |
| Portugal | 2010 | 7 | 85.7% | 0 | 12.1 | 7–41 | HPLC | [38] |
| Qatar | 2018 | 12 | 33% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | HPLC | [47] |
| Serbia | 2015 | 21 | 4.7% | 0 | 0.9 | 20 | HPLC | [39] |
| 2021 | 92 | 15.2% | 10 ± 0.002 | 8–14 | [53] | |||
| Spain | 2010 | 69 | 37.6% | 0 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 0.6–11.6 | HPLC | [40] |
| Turkey | 2007 | 29 | 45% | 45% | 60 ± 30 | N.D. | ELISA | [34] |
| 2012 | 62 | 16.7% | 0 | 18 | 16–22 | HPLC | [24] | |
| 2013 | 84 | 38.1% | 0 | 8.9 ± 6 | 5.5–20.1 | ELISA | [41] | |
| 2014 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ELISA | [42] |
N.D.: no data available in the study.