Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by gender (n = 418).
| All n = 418 (100%) Mean ± SD |
Women n = 317 (76%) Mean ± SD |
MEN n = 101 (24%) Mean ± SD |
p-Value | Reference Range (RDA) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric data | |||||
| Age | 57.14 ± 13.51 | 55.97 ± 13.05 | 60.89 ± 14.34 | 0.002 | - |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.03 ± 5.95 | 30.98 ± 5.93 | 27.02 ± 4.95 | <10−3 | 18.5–24.9 |
| WC (cm) | 100.80 ± 14.66 | 101.43 ± 14.72 | 98.77 ± 4.38 | 0.109 | F: 80 M: 94 |
| Life style data | |||||
| Physical activity, n (%) | Yes: 191 (45%) No: 227 (55%) |
Yes:139 (33.25%) No: 178 (42.58%) |
Yes: 52 (12.44%) No: 49 (11.72%) |
0.179 | - |
| Smoking habits, n (%) | Yes: 65 (16%) No: 353 (84%) |
Yes: 11 (2.63%) No: 306 (73.17 |
Yes: 54 (13%) No: 47 (11.2%) |
<10−3 | - |
| Alcoholism status, n (%) | Yes: 2 (0.48%) No:416 (99.52%) |
Yes: 2 (0.47%) No: 315 (75.35%) |
Yes: 1 (0.24%) No: 100 (23.92%) |
0.709 | - |
| Energy Intake from macronutrients | |||||
| TEI (Kcal) | 1766.3 ± 729.45 | 1738.58 ± 744.19 | 1853.32 ± 677.30 | 0.149 | F: 2000 M: 2500 |
| TEI of Protein (g/Kg/day) | 0.97 ± 0.49 | 0.99 ± 0.51 | 0.92 ± 0.43 | 0.143 | 0.83–1 |
| TEI of Protein (%) | 12.450 ± 4.79 | 12.38 ± 4.91 | 12.66 ± 4.41 | 0.589 | 10–20 |
| TEI of Animal Protein (%) | 30.89 ± 7.616 | 33.16 ± 7.83 | 22.67 ± 6.95 | 0.793 | 25 |
| AP/PP | 0.7617 ± 0.99 | 0.76 ± 1.00 | 0.78 ± 0.98 | 0.873 | 0.33 |
| TEI of Fat (g/Kg/day) | 1.40 ± 0.69 | 1.42 ± 0.72 | 1.31 ± 0.60 | 0.139 | 0.7–1 |
| TEI of Fat (%) | 38.75 ± 10.82 | 38.61 ± 10.83 | 39.19 ± 10.86 | 0.640 | 33–35 |
| TEI of Saturated Fat (%) | 6.162 ± 2.65 | 6.29 ± 2.63 | 5.78 ± 2.69 | 0.148 | 12 |
| TEI of Monounsaturated Fat (%) | 17.00 ± 8.03 | 17.24 ± 8.14 | 16.25 ± 7.69 | 0.334 | 15–20 |
| TEI of Polyunsaturated Fat (%) | 7.66 ± 5.34 | 7.62 ± 5.75 | 7.778 ± 3.83 | 0.782 | 5 |
| TEI of Sugar (g/Kg/day) | 3.67 ± 0.72 | 3.79 ± 1.82 | 3.29 ± 1.30 | 0.002 | 4–5 |
| TEI of Simple Carbohydrates (%) | 11.29 ± 8.73 | 11.45 ± 7.90 | 3.29 ± 10.95 | 0.647 | <10 |
| TEI of Sugar (%) | 46.00 ± 10.00 | 46.00 ± 10.00 | 45.00 ± 10.00 | 0.467 | 50 to 55 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 19.00 ± 13.00 | 18.00 ± 14.00 | 19.00 ± 16.00 | 0.823 | 25–30 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 152 ± 150 | 150 ± 144 | 157 ± 168 | 0.711 | 300 |
| Energy Intake from Micronutrients (Vitamins and Minerals) | |||||
| Vitamin A (µg) | 89.00 ± 167.00 | 90.00 ± 73.00 | 87.00 ± 151.00 | 0.865 | - |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 9.00 ± 2.00 | 9.00 ± 2.94 | 9.54 ± 2.08 | 0.963 | 15 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 18.00 ± 11.00 | 18.00 ± 10.00 | 20.00 ± 13.00 | 0.138 | F: 9 M: 10 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 44.00 ± 37.00 | 42.00 ± 32.00 | 51.00 ± 50.00 | 0.152 | - |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 2.00 ± 22.00 | 2.00 ± 25.00 | 0.61 ± 0.28 | 0.315 | - |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) (mg) | 0.74 ± 0.46 | 0.75 ± 0.50 | 0.71 ± 0.33 | 0.476 | - |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) (mg) | 9.1 ± 6.87 | 9.20 ± 6.9 | 8.75 ± 6.58 | 0.604 | 10 |
| Vitamin B5 (mg) | 3.00 ± 1.63 | 3.00 ± 1.69 | 3.00 ± 1.42 | 0.917 | F: 5 M: 6 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.98 ± 0.62 | 0.98 ± 0.64 | 0.97 ± 0.56 | 0.821 | - |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) (µg) | 167 ± 167 | 166 ± 182 | 171 ± 110 | 0.758 | - |
| Vitamin B12(µg) | 2.00 ± 0.900 | 2.00 ± 1.00 | 2.00 ± 1.00 | 0.171 | 4 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 196 ± 10.00 | 194 ± 116 | 201 ± 90 | 0.615 | F:300–360 M:380–420 |
| Calcium (mg) | 296 ± 194 | 296 ± 200 | 293 ± 176 | 0.897 | - |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 701 ± 381 | 700 ± 398 | 705 ± 328 | 0.899 | 550–700 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1947 ± 1149 | 1927 ± 1182 | 2008 ± 1047 | 0.568 | 3500 |
| Sodium (mg) | 7568 ± 3871 | 7492 ± 4125 | 7805 ± 2964 | 0.465 | 1500 |
| Total Iron (mg) | 6.94 ± 4.67 | 6.92 ± 4.98 | 6.98 ± 3.56 | 0.908 | - |
| Zinc (mg) | 5.00 ± 3.00 | 4.00 ± 3.00 | 5.00 ± 2.00 | 0.327 | - |
| Copper (mg) | 4.00 ± 53.00 | 3.00 ± 35.00 | 10 ± 89 | 0.452 | F: 1.5 M: 1.9 |
| Manganese (mg) | 2.00 ± 1.00 | 2.00 ± 1.00 | 2.00 ± 1.00 | 0.189 | F: 2.5 M: 2.8 |
| Iodide (µg) | 209 ± 181 | 207.00 ± 191.00 | 215 ± 148 | 0.697 | 150 |
| Selenium (µg) | 85.00 ± 62.00 | 82.00 ± 57.00 | 97.00 ± 73.00 | 0.104 | - |
| Water intake (g) | 2123 ± 425 | 2100.8 ± 434 | 2192.01 ± 390 | 0.083 | 2500 |
F: Females; M: Males; BMI: Body Mass Index, WC: Waist Circumference, TEI: Total Energy Intake, AP/PP: Animal Protein/Plant Protein, significant p-value < 0.05 are in bold.