Table 3.
Differences in total energy intake (TEI) between controlled and uncontrolled diabetics (n = 106).
| For Controlled Diabetics (HbA1c ≤ 7%) n = 41 (38.67%) Mean ± SEM |
For Uncontrolled Diabetics (HbA1c > 7%) n = 65 (61.32%) Mean ± SEM |
Adjusted p-Value |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| F = 30 (75%) M = 11 (25%) |
F = 42 (65%) M = 23 (35%) |
||
| Anthropometric data | |||
| Age | 62.60 ± 1.96 | 60.65 ± 1.27 | 0.40 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.21 ± 0.72 | 31.24 ± 0.71 | 0.31 |
| WC (cm) | 100.34 ± 2.49 | 105.27 ± 1.43 | 0.08 |
| Energy Intake from macronutrients | |||
| TEI (Kcal) | 1867.67 ± 11.56 | 1649.81 ± 80.92 | 0.11 |
| TEI of Protein (g/Kg/day) | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 0.42 |
| TEI of Protein (%) | 12.57 ± 0.58 | 12.51 ± 0.68 | <0.05 |
| TEI of Animal Protein (%) | 3.63 ± 0.54 | 4.96 ± 0.61 | 0.15 |
| AP/PP | 0.61 ± 0.11 | 0.78 ± 0.14 | 0.42 |
| TEI of Fat (g/Kg/day) | 1.56 ± 0.15 | 1.29 ± 0.08 | 0.11 |
| TEI of Fat (%) | 41.37 ± 1.59 | 40.81 ± 1.31 | 0.78 |
| TEI of Saturated Fat (%) | 6.06 ± 0.43 | 6.27 ± 0.39 | 0.60 |
| TEI of Monounsaturated Fat (%) | 18.84 ± 1.54 | 17.93 ± 1.33 | 0.60 |
| TEI of Polyunsaturated Fat (%) | 8.78 ± 0.76 | 7.20 ± 0.55 | 0.06 |
| TEI of Sugar (g/Kg/day) | 3.64 ± 0.23 | 3.23 ± 0.20 | 0.19 |
| TEI of Simple Carbohydrates (%) | 10.26 ± 1.29 | 10.30 ± 0.87 | 0.97 |
| TEI of Sugar (%) | 44.92 ± 1.37 | 43.01 ± 1.23 | 0.30 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 19.48 ± 1.81 | 20.68 ± 2.27 | 0.69 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 124.88 ± 21.34 | 176.12 ± 21.36 | 0.14 |
| Energy Intake from micronutrients (Vitamins and Minerals) | |||
| Vitamin A (µg) | 101.67 ± 9.65 | 102.57 ± 34.03 | 0.14 |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 9.92 ± 0.72 | 9.15 ± 0.50 | 0.16 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 23.54 ± 2.37 | 18.67 ± 1.74 | 0.10 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 41.76 ± 4.64 | 49.98 ± 7.17 | 0.40 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 5.31 ± 0.05 | 5.37 ± 6.12 | 0.31 |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) (mg) | 0.82 ± 0.06 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.02 |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) (mg) | 9.32 ± 0.84 | 9.33 ± 1.12 | 0.03 |
| Vitamin B5 (mg) | 2.98 ± 0.24 | 3.53 ± 0.33 | 0.18 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 1.08 ± 0.10 | 0.08 |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) (µg) | 164.28 ± 16.89 | 187.87 ± 19.47 | 0.38 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 6.66 ± 4.23 | 2.14 ± 0.24 | 0.38 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 204.22 ± 18.43 | 207.93 ± 17.97 | 0.88 |
| Calcium (mg) | 299.26 ± 25.92 | 347.27 ± 33.16 | 0.26 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 653.88 ± 59.13 | 763.27 ± 61.09 | 0.17 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2053.38 ± 166.19 | 2063.60 ± 186.51 | 0.96 |
| Sodium (mg) | 7928.00 ± 1183.43 | 7928.18 ± 529.97 | 0.13 |
| Total Iron (mg) | 6.63 ± 0.58 | 7.85 ± 0.85 | 0.26 |
| Zinc (mg) | 4.89 ± 0.46 | 6.11 ± 0.67 | 0.16 |
| Copper (mg) | 0.77 ± 0.06 | 16.20 ± 12.11 | 0.32 |
| Manganese (mg) | 2.36 ± 0.22 | 2.33 ± 0.26 | 0.91 |
| Iodide (µg) | 280.46 ± 53.41 | 185.95 ± 17.50 | 0.14 |
| Selenium (µg) | 101.54 ± 11.63 | 77.17 ± 7.35 | 0.09 |
| Water intake (g) | 2126.17 ± 132.80 | 2127.80 ± 126.57 | 0.98 |
SEM: Standard Error of the Mean; F: Females; M: Males; BMI: Body Mass Index, WC: Waist Circumference, TEI: Total Energy Intake, AP: Animal Protein, PP: Plant Protein, significant p-value < 0.05 are in bold.