Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of study participants stratified by COVID-19 pandemic wave.
| 1st Wave (n = 50) | 2nd Wave (n = 50) | 3rd Wave (n = 50) | 4th Wave (n = 50) | 5th Wave (n = 50) | p-Value * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe COVID-19 | 7 (14.0%) | 15 (30.0%) | 12 (24.0%) | 20 (40.0%) | 7 (14.0%) | 0.004 |
| Severe imaging features | 8 (16.0%) | 15 (30.0%) | 13 (26.0%) | 21 (42.0%) | 9 (18.0%) | 0.012 |
| Oxygen saturation on admission (<92%) | 6 (12.0%) | 11 (22.0%) | 18 (36.0%) | 21 (42.0%) | 7 (14.0%) | 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate on admission (>20/min) | 9 (18.0%) | 14 (28.0%) | 22 (44.0%) | 26 (52.0%) | 12 (52.0%) | 0.001 |
| Heart rate on admission (>100 bpm) | 12 (24.0%) | 20 (40.0%) | 27 (54.0%) | 33 (66.0%) | 15 (30.0%) | 0.025 |
| Duration of hospital stay | 14 (11–18) | 9 (7–12) | 18 (11–23) | 21 (13–25) | 9 (7–13) | <0.001 |
| Duration from symptom onset until hospital admission | 2 (1–4) | 5 (2.2–8.3) | 6 (2.3–9.2) | 6 (2.1–9.0) | 5 (1.9–7.4) | <0.001 |
| Viral clearance | 8 (3–13) | 12 (4–16) | 15 (7–21) | 17 (11–23) | 9 (4–15) | <0.001 |
| ICU admission | 6 (12.0%) | 9 (18.0%) | 12 (24.0%) | 15 (30.0%) | 5 (10.0%) | 0.002 |
| Duration of ICU stay | 7 (3–11) | 12 (4–15) | 12 (5–16) | 14 (9–19) | 9 (4–12) | 0.009 |
| Severe in-hospital complications | 6 (12.0%) | 9 (18.0%) | 12 (24.0%) | 14 (30.0%) | 5 (10.0%) | 0.021 |
| Oxygen supplementation | 22 (44.0%) | 27 (54.0%) | 37 (74.0%) | 45 (90.0%) | 17 (34.0%) | <0.001 |
| Mortality | 2 (4.0%) | 4 (8.0%) | 7 (14.0%) | 9 (18.0%) | 4 (8.0%) | 0.001 |
| COVID-19 treatment | ||||||
| Antivirals | 50 (100%) | 50 (100%) | 46 (92.0%) | 48 (96.0%) | 45 (90.0%) | 0.693 |
| Corticosteroids | 46 (92.0%) | 43 (86.0%) | 44 (88.0%) | 40 (80.0%) | 38 (76.0%) | 0.184 |
| Antibiotics | 47 (94.0%) | 48 (96.0%) | 42 (84.0%) | 40 (80.0%) | 37 (74.0%) | 0.007 |
| Anticoagulant | 39 (78.0%) | 38 (76.0%) | 36 (72.0%) | 38 (76.0%) | 32 (64.0%) | 0.528 |
| Immune modulators | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 28 (56.0%) | 29 (58.0%) | 26 (52.0%) | 0.827 |
* Data reported as n (%) and calculated using Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact unless specified differently.