Table 1.
Comparison of the FFCA across all sessions (n = 7).
| Mean ± SD | p-Value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Session (S1) |
Verbal Instruction Session (S2) |
Feedback Training Session (S3) |
Post-Training Session (S4) |
Friedman Test (4 Sessions) | Planned Comparison (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test) | |||||
| S1 vs. S2 | S1 vs. S3 | S1 vs. S4 | S2 vs. S3 | |||||||
| Treadmill | Percentage of desirable FFCA 1 | 53.9 ± 14.8% | 45.9 ± 27.5% | 66.9 ± 15.0% | 75.8 ± 10.9% | <0.001 * | 0.227 | 0.028 * | 0.027 * | 0.249 |
| FFCA (°) | 9.9 ± 2.2 | 9.2 ± 3.4 | 13.7 ± 0.5 | 13.0 ± 1.4 | <0.001 * | 0.761 | 0.028 * | 0.075 | 0.028 * | |
| SD of FFCA | 6.5 ± 3.2 | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 2.6 | 0.009 * | 0.311 | 0.463 | 0.046 * | 0.027 * | |
| CV of FFCA | 66.5% ± 27.0% | 55.0% ± 20.5% | 39.4% ± 8.3% | 42.2% ± 25.2% | 0.020 * | 0.457 | 0.028 * | 0.028 * | 0.075 | |
| Speed (m/s) | 0.743 ± 0.013 | 0.740 ± 0.023 | 0.697 ± 0.085 | 0.744 ± 0.011 | <0.001 * | 0.046 * | 0.176 | 0.866 | 0.499 | |
| Gait cycle time (s) | 1.278 ± 0.043 | 1.245 ± 0.064 | 1.267 ± 0.061 | 1.273 ± 0.070 | <0.001 * | 0.091 | 0.612 | >0.999 | 0.866 | |
| Stride length (m) | 0.951 ± 0.038 | 0.922 ± 0.052 | 0.886 ± 0.121 | 0.948 ± 0.053 | <0.001 * | 0.046 * | 0.176 | 0.866 | 0.499 | |
| Stride width (m) | 0.1408 ± 0.0379 | 0.1427 ± 0.0338 | 0.1430 ± 0.0382 | 0.1434 ± 0.0479 | 0.713 | - | - | - | - | |
| Overground | Percentage of desirable FFCA 1 | 26.4% ± 20.7 | 35.0% ± 22.7 | - | 43.3% ± 25.6 | - | 0.895 | - | 0.075 | - |
| FFCA (°) | 20.9 ± 4.7 | 16.7 ± 4.9 | - | 19.1 ± 3.0 | - | 0.058 | - | 0.093 | - | |
| SD of FFCA | 5.7 ± 2.1 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | - | 6.9 ± 1.3 | - | 0.979 | - | 0.173 | - | |
| CV of FFCA | 29.0% ± 14.1 | 40.8% ± 10.1 | - | 36.0% ± 3.9% | - | 0.809 | - | 0.249 | - | |
| Speed (m/s) | 1.272 ± 0.101 | 1.099 ± 0.147 | - | 1.190 ± 0.104 | - | 0.063 | - | 0.237 | - | |
| Gait cycle time (s) | 1.085 ± 0.045 | 1.157 ± 0.073 | - | 1.146 ± 0.057 | - | 0.043 * | - | 0.063 | - | |
| Stride length (m) | 1.422 ± 0.116 | 1.302 ± 0.114 | - | 1.360 ± 0.093 | - | 0.063 | - | 0.237 | - | |
| Stride width (m) | 0.1434 ± 0.0495 | 0.1427 ± 0.0393 | - | 0.1374 ± 0.0386 | - | - | - | - | - | |
FFCA: Foot–Floor Contact Angle; SD: Standard Deviation of FFCA; CV: Coefficient of Variance of FFCA; 1: Percentage of FFCA matching the desirable range of 10–20°; *: p < 0.05.