Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants at Wave 1 (W1), Wave 2 (W2), and Wave 3 (W3) with mean and standard deviation (or numerical count and percentage). W3 included only those who fulfilled full ADHD diagnostic criteria in at least one previous wave. Values reported here are for all participants in the final sample after all quality control (N = 139).
|
Wave 1 |
Wave 2 |
Wave 3 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 119 |
N = 135 |
N = 55 |
|||||||||
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Test Statistic | (p) | ||||
| Age, years | 16.98 | (3.47) | 20.22 | (3.48) | 24.82 | (4.07) | |||||
| Sex, female | N = 48 | 40% | N = 53 | 39% | N = 19 | 35% | χ23 = 1.51 | (0.68) | |||
| Estimated IQa | 98.41 | (14.81) | 105 | (16.82) | 102.35 | (14.17) | F2,192 = 2.23 | (0.11) | |||
| Head motion, framewise displacement | 0.47 | (0.17) | 0.53 | (0.42) | 0.82 | (0.17) | F2,298 = 24.71 | (<10-10) | |||
| Handedness, right | N = 96 | 81% | N = 111 | 82% | N = 45 | 82% | χ23 = 4.61 | (0.20) | |||
| Medication ever used, yesb, c | N = 66 | 56% | N = 45 | 33% | N = 42 | 76% | χ23 = 32.03 | (<1 0 −6) | |||
| Symptom raw score by diagnostic groupd | |||||||||||
| Combined scoree | 13.03 | (12.33) | 12.96 | (13.05) | 20.53 | (9.34) | |||||
| Hyperactivity-impulsivity score | 4.94 | (5.73) | 4.71 | (5.68) | 10.85 | (5.38) | |||||
| Inattention score | 8.05 | (7.51) | 7.55 | (7.45) | 9.67 | (4.85) | |||||
| Comorbidity diagnosis | |||||||||||
| Anxiety disorder | N = 2 | 2% | N = 2 | 1% | N = 1 | 2% | χ23 = 57.344 | (<10-11) | |||
| Avoidant personality disorder | N = 1 | 1% | N = 2 | 1% | N = 0 | 0% | χ23 = 81.886 | (<10-15) | |||
| Conduct disorder | N = 2 | 2% | N = 2 | 1% | NA | NA | χ22 = 55.107 | (<10-11) | |||
| Major depression | N = 1 | 1% | N = 1 | 1% | N = 4 | 7% | χ23 = 57.435 | (<10-11) | |||
| Oppositional defiant disorder | N = 15 | 13% | N = 16 | 12% | NA | NA | χ22 = 7.8901 | (0.79) | |||
| Panic disorder | N = 0 | 0% | N = 1 | 1% | N = 0 | 0% | χ23 = 137.76 | (<10-15) | |||
| Substance use | |||||||||||
| Alcohol | N = 19 | 16% | N = 21 | 16% | N = 7 | 13% | χ23 = 6.2621 | (0.10) | |||
| Tobacco | N = 43 | 36% | N = 45 | 33% | N = 12 | 22% | χ23 = 5.1952 | (0.16) | |||
| Cannabis or hash | N = 22 | 18% | N = 23 | 17% | N = 6 | 11% | χ23 = 6.8817 | (0.08) | |||
| Other drugs | N = 6 | 5% | N = 6 | 4% | N = 2 | 4% | χ23 = 23.734 | (<1 0 −4) | |||
IQ was estimated using the vocabulary and block design subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Medication ever used: Whether or not participants had ever taken ADHD medication.
Medications: Ritalin (methylphenidate), Concerta (methylphenidate), Strattera (atomoxetine), and any other ADHD medication. The majority of patients were taking prescription medication for ADHD, mostly methylphenidate or atomoxetine.
Symptom scores in W1 and W2 were collected via Conners’ Parent Rating Scale, and W3 scores were collected via the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale.
Combined symptom score: Sum of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention scores.