Table 2.

Microencapsulation of probiotics with chemically modified alginate.

Coating Material	Encapsulated Strain	Application	Remarks	References
Alg + CS	Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01 (Li01)	Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	After 2 h incubation in the digestive solution, the cell number of probiotics remained above 6 log CFU/mL.	[55]
Alg + CS	Bacillus coagulans (BC)	Treatment of colitis and abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	Less than 1 log reduction in CFU was observed in SGF conditions and less than 2 log reduction in CFU was observed in 4% bile salts after 2 h. Adhesion of encapsulated BC is nearly 1.5 times higher than that of ordinary BC.	[56]
Alg + CS	Lactoferm ABY 6 1	Prepare Greek yogurt.	The survival of bacteria in the simulated gastrointestinal environment was significantly improved.	[57]
Alg + CS	Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-42	Against different pathogenic fungal strains such as A. fumigatus, A. clavatus.	Higher viability rate (7.48 × 105 CFU/mL) and tolerance to high acidic/pancreatin medium compared in mock gastrointestinal fluids.	[58]
Alg + CS	Bifidobacterium longum strain DD98	Regulating intestinal flora, increasing immune function, improving lipid metabolism.	Temperature and pH stability are significantly improved. Higher viability of encapsulated B. longum (reduced by 1.27 log CFU at 120 min at pH 2.5). Higher viability of encapsulated B. longum (decreased by 2.68 log CFU at 120 min when exposed to intestinal fluid with bile salt (1%)).	[59]
Alg + CS	Lactobacillus gasseri Bifidobacterium bifidum	Prevent gastrointestinal diseases.	Cell survival after exposure to SGF for 5 min was 95% of the initial population found in microencapsulated bacteria. Survival after incubating at SIF for 120 min, 98.86% and 96.72%.	[60]
Alg + CS + carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)	Bacillus subtilis natto	Protect and promote the growth of probiotics.	Higher embedding rate (67.3%). Sustained release lasted for more than 10 h. Shelf life of viable Bacillus subtilis natto lasted for up to 20 days.	[61]
Alg + Hi maize + CS	Lactobacillus acidophilus	--	Longer survival at room temperature (6 months), freezing temperature (135 days), and cold storage temperature (105 days).	[62]
Alg + WPC 2/WPH 3	Lactoferm ABY 6	Prepare Greek yogurt.	More cells survived (more than 96%) after 4 h of gastrointestinal tract simulation compared with free culture cell (25.67%).	[63]
Alg + WPC/WPH	Lactoferm ABY 6	Prepare Greek yogurt.	High efficiency of encapsulation (between 92.98 and 94.20%).	[64]
Alg + WPI 4/DWPI 5	Lactobacillus plantarum (mtcc 5422)	Improve the intestinal microenvironment.	DWPI + Alg improved probiotics survival (96% by freeze-drying and 87% by spray-drying).	[65]
Alg + WPI	Lactobacillus acidophilus	--	By increasing the concentration of WPI, efficiency of encapsulation was significantly increased to 81.42–97.51%.	[66]
Alg + WSSM 6	Lactobacillus casei	--	The log reduction of encapsulated bacteria after 120 min incubation in SGF and SIF was 3.58–4.52 compared to 6.53 for free cells.	[67]
Alg + acidified egg albumen (EA) + stearic acid (SA) + cassava starch	Lactobacillus acidophilus	--	Less reduction of EA–SA-coated cells wrapped in microcapsules (1.3~0.6 log CFU/g) compared with free cells by exposure to moist heat at 70 °C for 30 min.	[68]
Alg + protamine	Lactobacillus casei	Improve intestinal flora, enhance immunity, inhibit tumor growth.	Survival 60 times higher in SGF compared to free cells. The speed of whole release process of encapsulated L. casei in pH 7.0 SIF is 7.6 times faster than the control group.	[69]

¹ Lactoferm ABY 6 is lyophilized mixture of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus (80%), Lactobacillus acidophilus (13%), Bifidobacterium bifidum (6%), Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (1%). ² WPC is short for “whey protein concentrate”. ³ WPH is short for “whey protein hydrolysate”. ⁴ WPI is short for “whey protein isolate”. ⁵ DWPI is short for “denatured whey protein isolate”. ⁶ Wild sage seed mucilage (WSSM) is a galactomannan with a rigid rod-like conformation.