Table 1.

Clinical organic and inorganic nanoparticles designed for cancer imaging or therapy.

	NP Type	Drugs Loaded	Clinical Stage	Reference
Organic NPs	Liposome	Irinotecan, Doxorubicin, mRNAs	FDA-approved	[22]
	Polymeric Nanoparticles	Paclitaxel, Gemcytabine, Doxorubicin, Platinum	FDA-approved	[23]
	Dendrimer	Camptothecin, Doxorubicin	Preclinical	[24,25]
Metallic and inorganic NPs	Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle (MSN)	Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel or Irinotecan	Preclinical	[25,26]
	Carbon Dots (CDs)	Gemcitabine or Cyanine 7	Preclinical	[25,27,28]
	Graphene Quantum Dots (CQDs)	Gemcitabine	Preclinical	[29]
	Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)	Gemcitabine and miR-21 inhibitor or Cetuximab	Clinical Phase I/II	[29,30,31,32]
	Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs)	Gemcitabine or Doxorubicin or Imiquimod	FDA-approved	[33,34,35,36,37]