Table 3.

Identification of compounds by HPLC-DAD of the grape stem extracts (A: Aqueous, C: cyclohexane, D: dichloromethane, E: ethyl acetate, M: methanol, H: H₂O.

		% Area
Compounds	RT	Maceration						ASE						Ref.
			Fractional Extraction						Fractional Extraction
		Aqueous	CYHA	DCM	EtOAc	MeOH	H2O	Aqueous	CYHA	DCM	EtOAc	MeOH	H2O
3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid	2.2	0.54	0.10	0.15		0.99	0.71							[24]
Gallic acid	3.5	1.34			0.81	0.59	0.73	0.56			0.58	0.28	0.46	[25]
3-O-Methylgallic acid	7.7						0.21					8.28		[26]
(−)-Epicatechin	11.9		0.19			0.02				0.02				[27]
2,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid	14.5				6.63			0.19						[28]
5-Hydroxyferulic acid	14.5						0.14	1.07	0.06					[29]
6-hydroxycoumarin	18.2							2.24						[30]
Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate	19.2									18.92	11.09			[31]
Rutin hydrate	22.7	0.25						6.92						[32]
3-Cyano-7-hydroxycoumarin	30.3	0.09				3.97						3.14		[33]
3-Methylorsellinic acid	35.2					1.35	0.02							[34]
Trans-Cinnamic acid	41.5				0.25									[35]
7,3′-dihydroxyflavone	41.9				1.07	0.15	0.04				4.32			[36]
Ethyl caffeate	42							1.51				4.34		[37]
5,7-Dihydroxy-4-propyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one	42.8	0.02												[38]
4-Hydroxytamoxifen	43.1									1.71				[39]
Baicalein	44.5		0.47		903.45	121.22	7.73							[40]
6-Hydroxyflavone	45				40.87			5.27				2.37		[41]
7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid	45.5										21.43			[42]
2-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	45.7	0.03								26.86				[43]
Caffeic acid 1,1-dimethylallyl ester	46												8.55	[41]
4′,5-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone	46.3						0.05							[44]
3,7-dimethoxyflavone	47.5			0.03										[45]
2,3-Dichloro-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	47.7			0.59										[46]
Shikonin	48								0.15	0.92				[47]
5-Hydroxyflavone	48.5							0.36						[44]
5-Hydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone	49.4	3.03					0.83	0.42	0.36				0.07	[44]
3′-Hydroxy-b-naphthoflavone	49.8												0.083	[44]