Table 1.
Cardiovascular extracellular matrix biomarkers and their clinical significance.
| Biomarker | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|
| Galectin-3 | Prediction of HF development; Correlation with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality |
| The soluble isoform of suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) | Prediction of HF development; Correlation with cardiovascular morality |
| Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) | Prediction of post-MI HF development; Correlation with post-MI mortality |
| Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases balance (MMP/TIMP) | Prediction of HF development |
| Osteopontin (OPN) | Assessment of HF severity; Association with reverse cardiac remodeling |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Prediction of HFpEF development; Association with renal function in HF; Prediction of unscheduled HF hospitalization; Correlation with all-cause, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality |
| Syndecan-4 (Syn-4) | Correlation with left ventricle geometrical parameters in CHF |
| Myostatin (MSTN) | Assessment of HF severity; Prediction of CHF development; Correlation with CHF survival rate and number of rehospitalizations |
| Procollagen Type-1 C-terminal propeptide (PICP) | Prediction of hypertensive origin HF development; Correlation with ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic function and cardiac fibrosis |
| Procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP) | Prediction of HFpEF development; Correlation with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality |
Abbreviations: HF—Heart Failure, CHF—Chronic Heart Failure, MI—Myocardial Infarction, HFpEF—Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction.