Numbers in brackets indicate the number of studies included in the pooled odds ratios (ORs). Studies were sorted by increasing ORs, with squares indicating ORs and horizontal lines indicating 95% confidence intervals (CIs). ASPD, antisocial disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; CUD, cannabis use disorder; OUD, opiate use disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; TUD, tobacco use disorder. Solid vertical line at 1 is the reference point where no sex difference exists. Dashed vertical line indicates the OR of the CUD-only group.