Table 1.
Odds and Pooled Odds Ratios for CUD in Samples with and without a Comorbid SMI as a Function of Sex
| Psychiatric Comorbidity | Study | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p = |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CUD-only | Stinson et al. 2006 | 2.756 | 2.312 to 3.284 | <0.0001 |
| Wu et al. 2014 | 2.044 | 1.940 to 2.153 | <0.0001 | |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 2.322 | 2.034 to 2.651 | <0.0001 | |
| Farmer et al. 2016 | 1.761 | 1.256 to 2.470 | 0.0010 | |
| Haberstick et al. 2014 | 1.581 | 1.408 to 1.776 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.996 | 1.913 to 2.083 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Non-Specified Psychiatric Disorder | Lai and Sitharthan 2012 | 1.012 | 0.931 to 1.100 | 0.7841 |
| Khan et al. 2013 | 1.735 | 1.609 to 1.870 | <0.0001 | |
| Teesson et al. 2012 | 1.000 | 0.317 to 3.151 | 1.0000 | |
| Swift et al. 2001 | 4.072 | 2.967 to 5.590 | <0.0001 | |
| Mueser et al. 2000 | 2.254 | 1.387 to 3.663 | 0.0010 | |
| Zhu and Wu 2017 | 1.987 | 1.964 to 2.011 | <0.0001 | |
| Karam et al. 2002 | 2.727 | 0.993 to 7.491 | 0.0516 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.201 | 1.188 to 1.215 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Psychotic Disorder | Machielsen et al. 2010 | 3.731 | 1.513 to 9.201 | 0.0042 |
| Schimmelmann et al. 2012 | 1.717 | 0.773 to 3.814 | 0.1843 | |
| Lange et al. 2014 | 3.030 | 1.219 to 7.533 | 0.0170 | |
| Brunette et al. 2018 | 2.376 | 1.428 to 3.952 | 0.0009 | |
| Rabinowitz et al. 1998 | 0.301 | 0.078 to 1.165 | 0.0821 | |
| Kavanagh et al. 2004 | 2.392 | 1.656 to 3.455 | <0.0001 | |
| Khan et al. 2013 | 1.086 | 0.712 to 1.657 | 0.7012 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 2.135 | 1.773 to 2.570 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Schizophrenia | Zhu and Wu 2017 | 2.676 | 2.611 to 2.742 | <0.0001 |
| DeRosse et al. 2010 | 4.301 | 2.589 to 7.147 | <0.0001 | |
| Nesvag et al. 2015 | 4.046 | 3.209 to 5.101 | <0.0001 | |
| Lai and Sitharthan 2012 | 0.9995 | 0.885 to 1.129 | 0.9939 | |
| Libuy et al. 2018 | 0.983 | 0.603 to 1.603 | 0.9441 | |
| Rabinowitz et al. 1998 | 3.317 | 1.708 to 6.442 | 0.0004 | |
| Dubertret et al. 2006 | 3.778 | 1.779 to 8.026 | 0.0005 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 2.600 | 2.539 to 2.662 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Non-Specified Mood Disorder | Zhu and Wu 2017 | 1.825 | 1.799 to 1.852 | <0.0001 |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 12.216 | 7.867 to 18.970 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.830 | 1.804 to 1.857 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Depression | Khan et al. 2013 | 2.111 | 1.819 to 2.452 | < 0.0001 |
| Rabinowitz et al. 1998 | 1.825 | 0.680 to 4.901 | 0.2327 | |
| Harder et al. 2008 | 3.363 | 2.467 to 4.586 | <0.0001 | |
| Feingold et al. 2017 | 2.150 | 1.487 to 3.110 | <0.0001 | |
| Nesvag et al. 2015 | 3.941 | 3.555 to 4.369 | <0.0001 | |
| Pacek et al. 2013 | 1.779 | 1.457 to 2.171 | <0.0001 | |
| Lai and Sitharthan 2012 | 1.000 | 0.876 to 1.140 | 0.9961 | |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 1.291 | 1.008 to 1.655 | 0.0431 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 2.174 | 2.046 to 2.310 | < 0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Bipolar I and II | Khan et al. 2013 | 1.084 | 0.908 to 1.295 | 0.3713 |
| Hunt et al. 2016 | 2.206 | 1.956 to 2.489 | <0.0001 | |
| Cassidy et al. 2001 | 2.500 | 1.635 to 3.824 | <0.0001 | |
| Kawa et al. 2005 | 2.431 | 1.112 to 5.314 | 0.0260 | |
| Morgan et al. 2005 | 3.886 | 1.320 to 11.430 | 0.0137 | |
| Strakowski et al. 2007 | 1.631 | 0.756 to 3.518 | 0.2126 | |
| VanRossum et al. 2009 | 3.017 | 2.436 to 3.736 | <0.0001 | |
| Altshuler et al. 2010 | 1.238 | 0.743 to 2.064 | 0.4132 | |
| Braga et al. 2012 | 1.741 | 0.741 to 4.087 | 0.2031 | |
| Lev-Ran et al. 2013 | 1.644 | 1.122 to 2.409 | 0.0107 | |
| Weinstock et al. 2016 | 1.487 | 0.729 to 3.036 | 0.2757 | |
| Rabinowitz et al. 1998 | 2.589 | 1.386 to 4.838 | 0.0029 | |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 1.937 | 1.298 to 2.892 | 0.0012 | |
| Nesvag et al. 2015 | 2.686 | 2.238 to 3.225 | <0.0001 | |
| Lai and Sitharthan 2012 | 0.998 | 0.827 to 1.204 | 0.9816 | |
| Cotton et al. 2013 | 2.151 | 1.009 to 4.584 | 0.0473 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.688 | 1.585 to 1.799 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Non-Specified Anxiety Disorder | Khan et al. 2013 | 1.856 | 1.639 to 2.102 | <0.0001 |
| Zhu and Wu 2017 | 1.686 | 1.549 to 1.835 | <0.0001 | |
| Lai and Sitharthan 2012 | 1.007 | 0.791 to 1.283 | 0.9532 | |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 1.476 | 1.162 to 1.875 | 0.0014 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.596 | 1.497 to 1.700 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| PTSD | Kerridge et al. 2018 | 1.031 | 0.762 to 1.396 | 0.8412 |
|
| ||||
| Non-Specified Personality Disorder | Khan et al. 2013 | 1.749 | 1.551 to 1.972 | <0.0001 |
| Zhu and Wu 2017 | 1.812 | 1.523 to 2.157 | <0.0001 | |
| Lai and Sitharthan 2012 | 1.000 | 0.857 to 1.167 | 0.9970 | |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 1.888 | 1.579 to 2.257 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.367 | 1.272 to 1.469 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| ASPD | Khan et al. 2013 | 0.836 | 0.701 to 0.998 | 0.047 |
|
| ||||
| Conduct Disorders | Khan et al. 2013 | 0.444 | 0.277 to 0.714 | 0.0008 |
| Zhu and Wu 2017 | 2.357 | 1.667 to 3.332 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 0.941 | 0.723 to 1.224 | 0.6493 | |
|
| ||||
| Non-Specified SUD | Khan et al. 2013 | 1.188 | 1.100 to 1.284 | <0.0001 |
| Zhu and Wu 2017 | 1.212 | 1.186 to 1.239 | <0.0001 | |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 2.330 | 2.016 to 2.694 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.311 | 1.284 to 1.338 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| OUD | Shand et al. 2011 | 1.363 | 1.108 to 1.677 | 0.0034 |
|
| ||||
| AUD | Khan et al. 2013 | 1.299 | 1.196 to 1.411 | <0.0001 |
| Zhu and Wu 2017 | 1.320 | 1.278 to 1.365 | <0.0001 | |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 4.097 | 3.351 to 5.009 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.505 | 1.460 to 1.551 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| TUD | Khan et al. 2013 | 1.374 | 1.244 to 1.519 | <0.0001 |
| Kerridge et al. 2018 | 2.253 | 1.911 to 2.656 | <0.0001 | |
|
| ||||
| Pooled studies | 1.720 | 1.579 to 1.873 | <0.0001 | |
ASPD, antisocial disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; OUD, opiate use disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SMI, serious mental illness; TUD, tobacco use disorder.