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. 2022 Apr 30;14(5):943. doi: 10.3390/v14050943

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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VLPs induce a multicomponent intracellular calcium rise. The scheme summarizes the hypothetic mechanisms by which VLPs increase intracellular calcium concentration. Inset: Representative multicomponent effect of VLPs on intracellular calcium concentration in Fura-2 loaded isolated insect neuron cell body using the calcium imaging ratiometric method (C. Deshayes, unpublished data). VDCC, voltage-dependent calcium channel; TRP, transient receptor potential channel; SOCE, store-operated calcium entry; NCX, sodium–calcium exchanger; RYR, ryanodine receptor; IP3R, inositol triphosphate receptor; ER, endoplasmic reticulum.