Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of body mass index (BMI) according to chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage.
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) |
p-Value (ANOVA) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | G6 | ||
| 15.0–20.0 | 20.0–22.5 | 22.5–25.0 | 25.0–27.5 | 27.5–30.0 | 30.0–35.0 | ||
| CKD stages 1–3 | |||||||
| Demographics/Medical history | |||||||
| Age (years) | 55.3 (20.1) | 59.8 (16.2) | 63.6 (13.4) | 61.6 (13.1) | 60.6 (13.8) | 58.7 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 60 (49.6%) | 95 (38.8%) | 103 (24.6%) | 91 (24.1%) | 54 (26.0%) | 39 (26.9%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 19 (15.7%) | 36 (14.7%) | 36 (14.7%) | 72 (19.1%) | 41 (19.7%) | 30 (20.7%) | 0.574 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 45 (37.2%) | 99 (40.4%) | 185 (44.2%) | 177 (46.9%) | 103 (49.5%) | 87 (60.0%) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 52 (43.0%) | 113 (46.1%) | 234 (55.8%) | 228 (60.5%) | 134 (64.4%) | 96 (66.2%) | <0.001 |
| Mean BP (mmHg) | 93.7 (12.3) | 94.9 (13.1) | 99.2 (12.8) | 100.5 (12.5) | 101.8 (12.9) | 102.9 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drug | 37 (30.6%) | 86 (35.1%) | 155 (37.0%) | 174 (46.2%) | 112 (53.8%) | 64 (44.1%) | <0.001 |
| Charlson score | 2.98 (2.04) | 3.09 (1.91) | 3.19 (1.97) | 3.24 (2.03) | 3.14 (1.86) | 2.81 (1.72) | 0.283 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 31 (25.6%) | 95 (38.8%) | 247 (58.9%) | 276 (73.2%) | 174 (83.7%) | 132 (91.0%) | <0.001 |
| Malnutrition–inflammation | 36 (29.8%) | 23 (9.4%) | 25 (6.0%) | 23 (6.1%) | 12 (5.8%) | 10 (6.9%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 44.5 (36.7–70.6) | 43.9 (36.4–59.1) | 43.5 (36.6–55.7) | 45.5 (36.4–57.6) | 44.4 (35.9–56.7) | 49.0 (38.0–63.2) | 0.568 |
| UPCR (mg/g) | 626 (168–1735) | 389 (170–1529) | 421 (166–1361) | 425 (145–1201) | 377 (164–1174) | 493 (171–1322) | 0.283 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.98 (1.98) | 12.39 (1.94) | 12.96 (1.88) | 13.36 (1.92) | 13.46 (1.90) | 13.76 (2.08) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.90 (0.59) | 3.93 (0.54) | 3.99 (0.53) | 4.00 (0.53) | 4.01 (0.49) | 3.99 (0.56) | 0.272 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.5 (0.1–4.7) | 0.6 (0.2–3.3) | 0.9 (0.3–2.6) | 1.0 (0.3–4.1) | 0.9 (0.2–5.0) | 1.7 (0.5–5.2) | 0.757 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.3 (1.8) | 6.5 (1.8) | 6.5 (1.6) | 6.8 (1.8) | 6.6 (1.5) | 7.1 (1.7) | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 202 (58) | 205 (65) | 203 (54) | 204 (69) | 198 (48) | 203 (63) | 0.883 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 101 (54) | 132 (92) | 156 (207) | 159 (102) | 176 (107) | 177 (104) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| RRT + GFR 50% decline | 23 (19.0%) | 57 (23.3%) | 80 (19.1%) | 65 (17.2%) | 41 (19.7%) | 27 (18.6%) | 0.039 |
| Mortality | 23 (19.0%) | 26 (10.6%) | 45 (10.7%) | 40 (10.6%) | 16 (7.7%) | 17 (11.7%) | 0.047 |
| CKD stages 4 and 5 | |||||||
| Demographics/Medical history | |||||||
| Age (years) | 62.53 (15.90) | 63.79 (13.45) | 63.83 (13.12) | 63.56 (13.57) | 64.45 (12.43) | 61.73 (13.26) | 0.353 |
| Sex (male) | 147 (61.3%) | 226 (54.2%) | 281 (46.4%) | 199 (45.7%) | 120 (50.2%) | 94 (61.4%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 67 (27.9%) | 102 (24.5%) | 170 (28.1%) | 128 (29.4%) | 80 (33.5%) | 51 (33.3%) | 0.143 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 102 (42.5%) | 190 (45.6%) | 312 (51.5%) | 241 (55.4%) | 146 (61.1%) | 97 (63.4%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 144 (60.0%) | 287 (68.8%) | 438 (72.3%) | 321 (73.8%) | 174 (72.8%) | 107 (69.9%) | 0.004 |
| Mean BP (mmHg) | 95.4 (13.9) | 99.5 (14.1) | 101.0 (13.8) | 100.5 (13.3) | 102.6 (14.1) | 102.2 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drug | 79 (32.9%) | 175 (42.0%) | 279 (46.0%) | 201 (46.2%) | 115 (48.1%) | 78 (51.0%) | <0.001 |
| Charlson score | 3.38 (2.01) | 3.55 (2.25) | 3.66 (2.13) | 3.74 (2.14) | 3.72 (1.91) | 3.75 (2.04) | 0.281 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 103 (42.9%) | 235 (56.4%) | 421 (69.5%) | 373 (85.7%) | 216 (90.4%) | 143 (93.5%) | <0.001 |
| Malnutrition–inflammation | 121 (50.4%) | 83 (19.9%) | 125 (20.6%) | 86 (19.8%) | 44 (18.4%) | 33 (21.6%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 11.5 (7.2–17.5) | 13.0 (8.1–20.3) | 13.4 (8.4–21.0) | 14.8 (9.3–22.2) | 15.0 (9.1–22.8) | 15.9 (9.3–22.8) | <0.001 |
| UPCR (mg/g) | 1487 (799–3025) | 1579 (843–3186) | 1612 (792–3477) | 1573 (860–3311) | 1594 (682–3467) | 1538 (679–3709) | 0.974 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.19 (1.49) | 9.47 (1.64) | 9.86 (1.81) | 10.12 (1.90) | 10.31 (1.98) | 10.53 (1.80) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.67 (0.55) | 3.74 (0.55) | 3.73 (0.55) | 3.77 (0.55) | 3.75 (0.51) | 3.72 (0.49) | 0.362 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1.1 (0.4–6.9) | 1.0 (0.5–5.0) | 1.3 (0.5–5.3) | 1.5 (0.5–7.4) | 2.0 (0.5–7.9) | 2.0 (0.5–10.6) | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.0 (1.4) | 6.2 (1.6) | 6.4 (1.6) | 6.6 (1.7) | 6.6 (1.5) | 6.9 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185 (55) | 194 (51) | 193 (47) | 199 (58) | 194 (49) | 204 (56) | 0.005 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 122 (89) | 135 (82) | 148 (93) | 190 (226) | 161 (89) | 195 (126) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| RRT + GFR 50% decline | 154 (64.2%) | 276 (66.2%) | 405 (66.8%) | 287 (66.0%) | 154 (64.4%) | 106 (69.3%) | 0.005 |
| Mortality | 56 (23.3%) | 79 (18.9%) | 104 (17.2%) | 77 (17.7%) | 39 (16.3%) | 20 (13.1%) | 0.021 |
Data are presented as mean (standard error), median (interquartile range), or count (percentage %). Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UPCR, urine protein and creatinine ratio; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; RRT, renal replacement therapy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.