Table 3.

Effects of breathing exercises on sleep factors.

Author (Year)	Participants	Time and Duration	Type	Primary Outcome	Results
Ojay and Ernst (2000) [156]	Chronic snorers	20 min/d, 3 months	Long-term, diaphragmatic breathing and singing and exercises training	Snoring, nasal problem	Reduced snoring
Vranish and Bailey (2016) [148]	OSA patients	5 min/d, 6 weeks	Long-term, inspiratory muscle training	Respiratory muscle strength, sleep, snoring, inflammation, metabolism	Improved respiratory muscle strength and improved sleep, reduced inflammation, improved metabolism
Birch (2021) [149]	Practitioners and OSA patients	15 min 3 times/d, 2 weeks	Short-term, breathing retraining (Buteyko berating exercises)	Sleep, breathing pattern, general health, quality of life	Improved sleep, improved breathing pattern, improved general health, improved quality of life
Birch (2004) [150]	44-year-old male (with asthma, severe COPD, OSA) (Case study n = 1)	15 min 3 times/d, 2 years	Long-term breathing retraining (Buteyko berating exercises)	CPAP, OSA	Improved CPAP, improved OSA