Table 4.

Effects of breathing exercises on biochemistry factors.

Author (Year)	Participants	Time and Duration	Type	Primary Outcome	Results
Sudarku (2010) [166]	University students, males and females	4 set 3 times/d, 7 weeks	Long-term, slow breathing	IL-6, IL-4, IL-2, cortisol, beta endorphin, IgG	Decreased IL-6, decreased IL-4, increased beta endorphin
Sparrow et al. (2021) [164]	Adult mice (mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury)		Mice were treated with anti-IL-6 antibody and anti-IL-6 receptor antibody	Neuronal injury, stress, inflammation	Reduced neuronal injury, reduced stress, reduced inflammation
Sarvottam et al. (2012) [165]	Overweight and obese males	50 min/d, 10 days	Short-term Pranayama breathing, Asanas (yoga postures)	CVD risk, IL-6, adiponectin, endotheline-1	Reduced risk of CVD, decreased IL-6, increased adiponectin