Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants in NHANES 2017–2018.
| Characteristics | Weight Change Patterns | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 2212, 100%) |
Stable Non-Obese (n = 1252, 56.13%) |
Early Adulthood Weight Gain (n = 458, 21.44%) |
Middle and Late Adulthood Weight Gain (n = 370, 17.33%) |
Revert to Non-Obese (n = 132, 5.11%) |
p Value | |
| Age, years, mean ± SE | 55.74 ± 0.47 | 55.24 ± 0.50 | 58.25 ± 0.90 | 52.58 ± 0.89 | 61.43 ± 1.30 | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.009 | |||||
| Male | 1056 (46.22) | 611 (44.03) | 223 (56.10) | 148 (38.12) | 74 (56.23) | |
| Female | 1156 (53.78) | 641 (55.97) | 235 (43.90) | 222 (61.88) | 58 (43.77) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SE | ||||||
| At age 25 years | 22.85 ± 0.12 | 21.77 ± 0.12 | 25.05 ± 0.31 | 23.56 ± 0.21 | 23.17 ± 0.36 | <0.001 |
| 10 years prior | 27.38 ± 0.21 | 24.20 ± 0.07 | 34.65 ± 0.30 | 27.10 ± 0.16 | 33.17 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| At baseline | 29.11 ± 0.28 | 25.16 ± 0.14 | 35.95 ± 0.42 | 33.92 ± 0.16 | 27.47 ± 0.24 | <0.001 |
| Absolute weight change from age 25 years old to baseline, kg, mean ± SE | 15.72 ± 0.56 | 7.95 ± 0.42 | 28.66 ± 0.95 | 26.68 ± 0.71 | 9.52 ± 1.42 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean ± SE | 100.32 ± 0.76 | 90.91 ± 0.40 | 117.87 ± 1.04 | 109.78 ± 0.65 | 98.13 ± 0.84 | <0.001 |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 727 (64.00) | 381 (61.52) | 181 (71.55) | 115 (61.73) | 50 (67.34) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 533 (11.03) | 248 (9.24) | 144 (12.39) | 117 (15.93) | 24 (8.42) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 385 (6.90) | 330 (10.49) | 14 (1.16) | 32 (3.63) | 9 (2.58) | |
| Hispanic | 460 (13.54) | 245 (14.29) | 86 (9.14) | 89 (15.41) | 40 (17.44) | |
| Other | 107 (4.53) | 48 (4.46) | 33 (5.76) | 17 (3.30) | 9 (4.23) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.158 | |||||
| Less than high school | 416 (10.85) | 230 (11.36) | 81 (8.46) | 68 (10.83) | 37 (15.41) | |
| High school or equivalent | 498 (25.63) | 265 (23.55) | 100 (24.34) | 96 (32.51) | 37 (30.64) | |
| College or above | 1293 (63.52) | 754 (65.10) | 277 (67.19) | 205 (56.66) | 57 (53.95) | |
| Family income–poverty ratio level, n (%) | 0.169 | |||||
| 0–1.0 | 303 (10.06) | 159 (9.21) | 63 (7.71) | 65 (15.04) | 16 (11.88) | |
| 1.1–3.0 | 838 (33.00) | 472 (32.40) | 183 (32.10) | 132 (34.18) | 51 (39.15) | |
| >3.0 | 806 (56.94) | 480 (58.39) | 157 (60.19) | 130 (50.78) | 39 (48.97) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.352 | |||||
| Married | 1293 (64.95) | 786 (67.45) | 245 (62.35) | 191 (61.68) | 71 (59.47) | |
| Separated | 581 (23.47) | 286 (21.35) | 154 (27.86) | 103 (24.53) | 38 (24.76) | |
| Never married | 335 (11.58) | 178 (11.20) | 59 (9.80) | 75 (13.78) | 23 (15.77) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.005 | |||||
| Non-drinker | 747 (27.84) | 428 (29.48) | 167 (27.98) | 97 (18.39) | 55 (41.72) | |
| Low to moderate drinker | 1340 (72.16) | 737 (70.52) | 274 (72.02) | 259 (81.61) | 70 (58.28) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.113 | |||||
| Never smoker | 1284 (59.21) | 752 (60.44) | 242 (54.74) | 216 (60.30) | 74 (60.85) | |
| Former smoker | 335 (12.71) | 195 (13.05) | 51 (9.45) | 62 (13.19) | 27 (20.90) | |
| Current smoker | 593 (28.08) | 305 (26.51) | 165 (35.81) | 92 (26.50) | 31 (18.25) | |
| Leisure time physical activity level, n (%) | 0.003 | |||||
| 0 times/week | 1199 (45.91) | 633 (41.16) | 275 (49.85) | 207 (54.60) | 84 (51.96) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 707 (38.06) | 421 (38.55) | 135 (40.34) | 122 (36.03) | 29 (29.90) | |
| ≥3 times/week | 304 (16.04) | 196 (20.28) | 48 (9.82) | 41 (9.37) | 19 (18.14) | |
| Healthy eating index score, n (%) | 0.021 | |||||
| Quarter 1 | 381 (20.38) | 174 (15.79) | 106 (25.25) | 76 (27.94) | 25 (23.57) | |
| Quarter 2 | 484 (25.60) | 257 (24.54) | 115 (28.51) | 79 (26.24) | 33 (22.40) | |
| Quarter 3 | 514 (24.30) | 291 (25.85) | 107 (23.95) | 92 (22.67) | 24 (14.58) | |
| Quarter 4 | 667 (29.72) | 422 (33.83) | 108 (22.29) | 99 (23.16) | 38 (39.45) | |
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | ||||||
| Diabetes | 488 (15.31) | 188 (8.254) | 174 (32.15) | 77 (13.46) | 49 (28.35) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1013 (39.03) | 478 (30.92) | 281 (52.56) | 174 (42.63) | 80 (57.13) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 812 (34.13) | 433 (31.06) | 202 (44.02) | 120 (30.09) | 57 (39.15) | 0.035 |
In total, 5, 265, 3, 125, 2, 166, 54 and 58 participants had missing information for baseline education, family income–poverty ratio, marital status, alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity level, healthy eating index score, hypertension and dyslipidemia, respectively.